ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Physiologic responses to environmental stress show striking interindividual differences, beginning early in life. Whereas cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) to stress has been linked to short- and long-term changes in health, little previous work has addressed reactivity in children, and no past studies have investigated the relationship of reactivity to psychosocial factors, such as stressful life events (LE) and social support (SS). We therefore studied cardiovascular response to psychologically and physically stressful laboratory tasks in 25 adolescent boys. The degree of individual CVR was examined cross-sectionally in relationship to LE, SS, and “sense of permanence‘’ (SP), a construct reflecting the stability or continuity in the child's life experience. Heart rate reactivity (HRR) and mean arterial pressure reactivity (BPR) were bimodally distributed, with a subpopulation of approximately 20% of subjects demonstrating an exaggerated cardiovascular response. SP was related to BPR at a borderline level of significance (R = 0.33,p< 0.10), whereas SS was unrelated to either reactivity variable. Unexpectedly, LE was strongly andinverselyrelated to both HRR and BPR (R = −0.40 and −0.47, respectively,p< 0.05). Subjects reporting low numbers of previous stressful life events had the highest level of cardiovascular reactivity. Possible explanations for this finding included (1) the development of a hyperdynamic response as a consequence of avoiding or denying stressful experience, (2) an effect of exaggerated CVR on cognition and the reporting of stressful events, or, most plausibly, (3) an ‘inoculation effect,’ in which previous LE facilitate the development of effective coping strategies, thereby diminishing responses to stressful laboratory tasks.J Dev Behav Pediatr 11:105–111, 1990. Index terms: cardiovascular reactivity, stress, social support.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

To evaluate the relationship between soft neurological signs and various proposed dimensions of impulsivity (behavioral and cognitive), 31 boys (6–13 years, mean ± SD 10.1 ± 1.8) with disruptive behavior disorders, and 45 age-matched boys without DSM-III-R pathology, were independently assessed on clinical ratings of impulsivity, a battery of cognitive tests intended to score impulsive responding, and a neurological examination for soft signs. After being corrected for age, neurological soft signs correlated positively with impulsive responding on the Matching Familiar Figures Test (inpatients and normals) and the Continuous Performance Test (in normals), but not with IQ or clinical impulsivity rating scores. These findings suggest a relationship between neurological dysfunction/immaturity and performance on specific tasks requiring response inhibition, thus adding value to the cognitive assessment of impulsivity.J Dev Behav Pediatr 11:112–115, 1990. Index terms: soft neurological signs, impulsivity.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Four groups of investigators in the Research Consortium on Chronic Illness in Childhood have used the Personal Adjustment and Role Skills Scale (PARS) III to assess the psychosocial adjustment of children with chronic physical illnesses and no mental impairment. The PARS III consists of 28 items that measure psychosocial functioning in six areas: peer relations, dependency, hostility, productivity, anxiety-depression, and withdrawal. Analyses of the measure's reliability and validity, using a total combined sample of 450 school-age children (ages 5–18 years) with a variety of chronic illnesses and three comparison samples of healthy children, provide evidence that the PARS III can be used successfully to assess psychosocial adjustment of children with chronic illnesses and no cognitive impairments.J Dev Behav Pediatr 11:116–121, 1990. Index terms: chronic illness, psychological development, social skills, behavior, measurement.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Twenty-two subjects with Marfan syndrome (age range 11–24 years, mean 15.7 years) were studied to evaluate the impact of Marfan syndrome on their lives, level of psychosocial adaptation, concerns about their disorder, compliance with medical regimens, and knowledge of Marfan syndrome. Subjects were interviewed and then completed the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire and two questionnaires designed for the study. Parents also were interviewed. Subjects demonstrated normal psychosocial adaptation on the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire. Nevertheless, the subjects perceived that their lives would be significantly better without Marfan syndrome, especially in the areas of physical activities and self-image. They expressed concerns about their illness most often to their parents, less frequently to their doctors. Their compliance with medical regimens were suboptimal and similar to the published description of compliance among teenagers with other chronic illnesses. Their knowledge base was weakest in the areas pertaining to future childbearing. Thus, althogh these subjects showed normal psychosocial adaptation, doctors caring for them may foster bette coping with Marfan syndrome by discussing self-image issues and Marfan syndrome-related concerns, and by encouraging compliance and imparting knowledge.J Dev Behav Pediatr 11:122–127, 1990. Index terms: Marfan syndrome, adolescents, psychosocial adaptation, medical compliance, chronic illness.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Clinicians need to know the consistency of a child's report of his pain in order to assess the intensity of that pain. To explore an age cutoff above which children are consistent in reporting their pain, we tested the consistency of children's reports of recalled pain, using a variety of scales. We interviewed 91 children, three to eight years of age, and obtained each child's report of two of his own painful experiences. In two separate sessions, we asked each child to compare those specific experiences in several ways, using two picture scales, a block-based scale, triads, and the simple question, “which hurt you more?‘’ Results show that children older than seven years are more consistent in reporting the relative pain intensity of remembered events than younger ones (range 50–100% vs. 20–55%,p< 0.001), and that the simple question provides the most consistent answer. However, no age group tested was consistent more than 80% of the time on all measures. We conclude that children are able to report remembered pain intensity consistently with increasing age but that we cannot establish a firm cutoff between the ages of three and eight years with our data.J Dev Behav Pediatr 11:128–134, 1990. Index terms:pain, self-report scales, cross-modality matching.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A fuller understanding of the distribution of morbidity in childhood may be achieved through the study of individual differences in stress susceptibility. The importance of person-environment transactions has been appreciated in the psychological domain, but only recently have individual differences in children's psychobiological responsivity to the environment become the focus of systematic study. Current work on individual differences in children's biobehavioral stress response is illustrated by reviewing current research on two aspects of cardiovascular regulation: cardiovascular reactivity and cardiac vagal tone. Both show promise of being stable individual traits emerging early in childhood, and both have correlates with children's patterns of health, behavior, and development. Consideration of individual differences in children's physiological responsivity can enrich our understanding of the meaning and adaptive significance of childhood behavior.J Dev Behav Pediatr 11:140–150, 1990. Index terms:children, health, cardiovascular, vulnerability.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Distinguishing healthy from disturbed adolescent development facilitates accurate diagnosis and timely intervention for troubled adolescents. This distinction needs to take account of (1) ample evidence that normative adolescent development is adaptive rather than tumultuous and (2) reliable indications that certain kinds of symptom formation signal emerging psychopathology rather than normative variations.J Dev Behav Pediatr 11:151–154, 1990. Index terms:adolescent psychopathology, disturbed development, normal adolescence.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID