ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Although tantrums are among the most common behavioral problems of young children and may predict future antisocial behavior, little is known about them. To develop a model of this important phenomenon of early childhood, behaviors reported in parental narratives of the tantrums of 335 children aged 18 to 60 months were encoded as present or absent in consecutive 30‐second periods. Principal Component (PC) analysis identified Anger and Distress as major, independent emotional and behavioral tantrum constituents. Anger‐related behaviors formed PCs at three levels of intensity. High‐intensity anger decreased with age, and low‐intensity anger increased. Distress, the fourth PC, consisted of whining, crying, and comfort‐seeking. Coping Style, the fifth PC, had high but opposite loadings on dropping down and running away, possibly reflecting the tendency to either “submit” or “escape.” Model validity was indicated by significant correlations of the PCs with tantrum variables that were, by design, not included in the PC analysis.J Dev Behav Pediatr 24:140‐147, 2003.Index terms:anger, crying, distress, emotion.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;This article completes the analysis of parental narratives of tantrums had by 335 children aged 18 to 60 months. Modal tantrum durations were 0.5 to 1 minute; 75% of the tantrums lasted 5 minutes or less. If the child stamped or dropped to the floor in the first 30 seconds, the tantrum was likely to be shorter and the likelihood of parental intervention less. A novel analysis of behavior probabilities that permitted grouping of tantrums of different durations converged with our previous statistically independent results to yield a model of tantrums as the expression of two independent but partially overlapping emotional and behavioral processes: Anger and Distress. Anger rises quickly, has its peak at or near the beginning of the tantrum, and declines thereafter. Crying and comfort‐seeking, components of Distress, slowly increase in probability across the tantrum. This model indicates that tantrums can provide a window on the intense emotional processes of childhood.J Dev Behav Pediatr 24:148‐154, 2003.Index terms:anger, crying, distress, emotion.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Few reports have documented parental perceptions of stimulants for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), despite the recent increased use of stimulants among youths. Of 302 parents recruited from six pediatric primary care clinics, 84% completed a survey of their knowledge, attitudes, and satisfaction with the medication their child was taking for ADHD. Two thirds of the parents believed that sugar and diet affect hyperactivity. Although few parents believed that stimulants could lead to drug abuse, 55% initially were hesitant to use medication on the basis of information in the lay press, and 38% believed that too many children receive medication for ADHD. Parents were more satisfied with the behavioral and academic improvement relative to improvement in their child's self‐esteem. Attitudes were positively correlated with satisfaction and were more positive among white than nonwhite parents. The findings highlight parental misconceptions and reservations about ADHD medication treatment that require clarification as to whether race/ethnicity, income, and social status influence their views and use of treatments.J Dev Behav Pediatr 24:155‐162, 2003.Index terms:attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, attitudes, satisfaction, stimulant medications, survey research.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;We performed this randomized trial to determine whether infants receiving skin‐to‐skin care (SSC) grew more rapidly and had a shorter duration of hospital stay compared with infants held by their parents in a traditional way. Infants who met eligibility criteria (≤32 wk of gestation, ≤1500 g, minimal ventilatory support, and hemodynamically stable) were randomized to traditional holding (TH) or SSC groups. Parents in both groups were allowed to hold infants for a total of 8 hours per day (periods of up to 4 hr, twice/d). During the study, infants in the TH group were held 4.8 ± 3.5 times per week and 76 ± 39 minutes per day, and infants in the SSC group were held 4.0 ± 2.8 times per week and 79 ± 40 minutes per day. No significant differences were observed in weight accretion or linear growth. However, exposure to SSC was associated with greater head growth, even after controlling for head circumference at birth (p= .03). SSC may increase the likelihood of successful breastfeeding.J Dev Behav Pediatr 24:163‐168, 2003.Index terms:skin‐to‐skin care, growth.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACT.This study was part of a randomized clinical trial comparing the central nervous system effects of the two vital organ‐support methods used in infant cardiac surgery: total circulatory arrest and low‐flow cardiopulmonary bypass. The extent to which visual‐spatial deficits are (1) associated with surgical and perioperative variables, (2) attributable to visual‐perceptual, motor control, or metacognitive deficits, and (3) associated with adaptive difficulties at home or school was evaluated. The subjects were 155 8‐year‐old children with D‐transposition of the great arteries who underwent the arterial switch operation before 3 months of age. As part of a comprehensive evaluation, the Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) was administered. ROCF copy productions were classified as having a Basal Organization Level of 1 (low) or 2 or greater. A five‐category clinical rating was also assigned. More than half of the children in the cohort (52%) had copy productions scored at Level 1, more than twice the expected frequency. The risk of having a low score was not associated with vital organ support method or other surgical variables. On the basis of comparisons of the relative fits of nested logistic regression models, poor visual‐perceptual abilities were more predictive of having a Level 1 score than either motor control or metacognitive deficits. Children with poor copy production scores had lower mathematics scores, but not lower reading scores or poorer parent and teacher ratings of adaptive competence. The percentage of children receiving remedial school services was associated with ROCF clinical rating, ranging from 58% in the worst category to 8% in the best category. Visual‐spatial deficits are common among children after infant heart surgery and seem to reflect visual‐perceptual rather than motor control or metacognitive deficits. In addition, these deficits do not seem to be clearly associated with the intraoperative methods or postoperative events evaluated.J Dev Behav Pediatr 24:169‐179, 2003.Index terms:congenital heart disease, visual‐spatial skills, transposition of the great arteries, Rey‐Osterrieth Complex Figure.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;A survey of developmental‐behavioral pediatricians was conducted to obtain data and insights on their current practice. As part of the Future of Pediatric Education (FOPE) II Survey of Sections Project, questionnaires were sent to individuals who were most likely to represent those pediatricians engaged in the subspecialty of developmental‐behavioral pediatrics. Four groups of physicians were compared within the survey: developmental‐behavioral fellowship group (n = 272), developmental disabilities fellowship group (n = 139), general academic pediatrics or other fellowship group (n = 57), and a nonfellowship group (n = 224). A majority of respondents indicated a need for an increased number of subspecialists in developmental‐behavioral pediatrics in their community during the next 3 to 5 years. There were significant differences in the survey results of a variety of practice issues between those who had and had not received formal fellowship training. The survey data illustrate a developmental‐behavioral pediatrician workforce that is becoming increasingly fellowship trained, receiving more referrals, and encountering constraints to seeing more patients in an era of declining reimbursement for services. To overcome these obstacles, stakeholders in child health, including health care payers, will need to be educated about the unique skills and clinical expertise of physicians in developmental‐behavioral pediatrics and neurodevelopmental disabilities.J Dev Behav Pediatr 24:180‐188, 2003.Index terms:workforce, developmental‐behavioral pediatrics, neurodevelopmental disabilities, practice.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Predictors of health‐related quality of life (HR‐QOL) among inner‐city girls and its effect on health care use were evaluated. Adolescent girls aged 14 to 18 years (n = 127) completed a demographic and riskbehavior interview, the Kaufman Brief Intellectual Test, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐36. Medical charts were reviewed for health care use. Two assessments were completed 6 months apart. Participants reported stable and poor HR‐QOL compared with norms for similar aged females. HR‐QOL was associated with some concurrent risk taking. Lower self‐perceptions of mental health were associated with inconsistent condom use, smoking, and alcohol use; lower self‐perceptions of physical health were associated with pregnancy and smoking. Predictive associations were not found. There was a trend for poorer physical health to be associated with more clinic visits. This study highlights the need for research aimed at both improving self‐perceptions of health and decreasing high‐risk behavior among inner‐city girls.J Dev Behav Pediatr 24:189‐194, 2003.Index terms:adolescents, sexual activity, substance use, health care use.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2003

数据来源: OVID