ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Temper tantrums are common and distressing, but little epidemiological information is available about them. Attempts to identify psychosocial correlates of tantrums have used small samples and have not controlled for multiple concurrent behavior problems. We analyzed interviews from 502 English mothers of 3-year-olds. Tantrums were considered present if mothers reported tantrums three or more times a day or lasting 15 minutes or longer. Behavior problems were assessed using the Behavior Screening Questionnaire. Tantrums were reported in 6.8% of children, of whom 52% had multiple behavior problems. Factors independently associated with tantrums included maternal depression and irritability, low education, and use of corporal punishment, manual social class, marital stress, child care provided exclusively by the mother, and poor child health. Tantrums were not associated (atp< 0.01) with gender, maternal employment, low social support, or single parenthood. Severe tantrums may indicate the presence of multiple behavior problems and psychosocial stressors.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

As part of a longitudinal project based on a biopsychosocial model of juvenile rheumatic diseases, maternal mental distress was examined as a possible predisposing factor for the child's disease and/or as an effect of disease. Eighty-four mothers were interviewed and completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-20), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Child Behavior Checklist. Fifty percent of the mothers reported psychiatric distress as indicated by GHQ ± 4. Trait anxiety of the mother (measuring stable personality characteristics) was unrelated to disease variables but was associated with psychosocial background variables [maternal childhood environment (CES) (r= −0.42,p< 0.01), chronic family difficulties (r= 0.41,p< 0.01)], and stressful life events (r= 0.41,p< 0.01), State anxiety was associated with number of affected joints of the child (r= 0.33,p< 0.01). At this early stage of the disease course (median duration 7 months) findings did not confirm the hypothesis that the psychosocial background factors were related to disease parameters or to severity.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Several studies have linked cumulative measures of stress to injuries, however none have examined the relationship between a prevalent stressor in adolescence, conflict between the parent and adolescent, and injuries. Data for this study came from 8231 British adolescents born one week in 1958 who had information on injuries between ages 15 and 17 available. A conflict scale was devised by summing mothers' assessments of the frequency of arguments with their 16-year-old offspring about eight problem areas. This scale had a linear association with injury rates for both boys and girls. Adolescent boys with high levels of conflict (> 90th percentile on conflict scale) had 2.9 times the rate of injuries resulting in hospitalization compared with boys from low conflict families (< 25th percentile), and 1.6 times the number of injuries resulting in outpatient care. Girls with high levels of conflict had 2.9 times the hospitalized injuries and 1.8 times the rate of less severe injuries compared with girls with low conflict. These findings suggest that conflictual parent-adolescent relationships may be an indicator of increased injuries in adolescents.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

To evaluate perceptions of a pediatrician's attire, 50 children and parents in an outpatient facility were shown five photographs of a female or a male physician dressed differently (formal to informal). A list of positive and negative attributes was presented to the parents and children who were to match each picture to the attributes.Parents had a strong positive preference for the formally dressed female (short white coat and skirt), and the formally dressed male (short white coat and tie). More than 50% of the parents least preferred the most informal attire. Children had no clear preferences for males and preferred the female in the blouse and skirt. Children assigned negative attributes to informal attire but not to the same degree as did their parents. This study demonstrates that parents have stronger preferences than do their children. Although children had no strong positive preferences, they may feel negatively about informal attire.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Thirty-six preterm and full-term children were seen during the first year of life and at 3 years old. The Neuromotor Behavioral Inventory (NBI)-Version for 3 Year Olds (a 5-category measure of Gross Motor and Fine Motor Development, Reaction to Movement, Neurological Reflexes and Reactions, and Neuromotor Outcome) was used with three groups: healthy preterm, sick preterm, and healthy full term. The groups differed in gross motor, fine motor, reaction to movement, and neuromotor outcome at 3 years of age with the greatest difference between the sick preterm group and the other groups. Quality of movement deteriorated between 12 months and 3 years. Increased frequency of “suspect” or “abnormal” outcomes during the first year was associated with an unfavorable outcome at 3 years of age. Variability, i.e., a change in outcome from one time to another, was not associated with an unfavorable outcome when frequency of unfavorable outcome during the first year was taken into account. Prematurity, perinatal illness, and frequency of unfavorable outcome during the first year were found to have an adverse impact on neuromotor behavior.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A telephone survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of infant and toddler sleep disturbances. Parents of all 12− to 35-month-old children listed in one community were contacted, and 81% participated. Many children resisted going to bed (42%) or woke and cried during the night (35%). Approximately half the parents had changed their child's diet, naptime, or bedtime and about half these parents found changing routines helpful. Parents frequently reported that pacifiers or bottles in the crib quieted their children. Crying it out, scheduled awakenings, and progressive delay responding were all effective (70% or better) for parents who were aware of these procedures. Satisfaction did not necessarily correspond with effectiveness. Finally, parents were more likely to seek information about sleep from relatives, friends, or books and magazines than from their physician or from a psychologist.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Four children with cystic fibrosis, ranging in age from 10 to 40 months, were admitted to a specialized pediatric unit for evaluation and treatment of malnutrition. All were below the fifth percentile for weight despite appropriate pancreatic enzyme replacement and outpatient nutritional counseling. Dietary evaluation revealed oral intake of 48% to 62% of that required for growth. Standardized nursing and psychological assessments of feeding behaviors during meals indicated a low acceptance rate of foods and a high rate of maladaptive feeding behaviors. Treatment consisted of behavioral management using positive reinforcement of food acceptance, extinction of negative behaviors, and parent training. Mean percentage of caloric intake increased from 54% to 92% for the four patients. At long-term follow-up, the patients who continued the program demonstrated substantial and persistent catch-up growth. Behavioral feeding disorders may contribute to failure to thrive in patients with cystic fibrosis and must be considered when growth failure occurs despite correct medical management and apparently mild pulmonary and gastrointestinal involvement.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The competence of young children to testify as witnesses in a court of law, especially with regard to the obligation to speak the truth, is examined. The relevant empirical data from developmental literature is critically reviewed. Topics considered include the development of the concept of lies and truth, moral development, the relationship between moral reasoning and moral conduct, and observations of moral behavior. The ecological validity of laboratory analogs is considered in light of the extreme sensitivity to context of children's abilities and behavior. From available evidence, we conclude that young children consistently judge lying solely on whether what is said agrees with external facts regardless of inferred intent or belief of the speaker. Further, young children are less willing to lie because of extenuating circumstances than are older children and adults. The older child's and adult's decision on whether to tell a lie is based on a consideration of a number of complex internal and environmental factors. We conclude that children on the witness stand are likely to be motivated to be as honest, or more honest, than are adults.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID