摘要:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that self-injurious behavior (SIB) maintained by environmental factors will be more effectively treated by behavioral treatments than by haloperidol. Fifteen subjects were enrolled in this study. The efficacy of both haloperidol and a behavioral treatment was assessed. At the onset of treatment, subjects were randomized to receive either haloperidol or a placebo. During each day of treatment, data were collected during sessions with a behavioral treatment and sessions without a behavioral treatment. Behavioral treatment resulted in a statistically significant decrease in SIB, but haloperidol did not. Eighty-three percent of subjects were classified as responders to the behavioral treatment whereas only 25% of the subjects were responders to haloperidol (p= .019). We conclude that individuals with operant SIB are more likely to respond to behavioral treatments than to haloperidol.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Motor impairment has frequently been described in Asperger syndrome (AS), a pervasive developmental disorder included in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition(DSM-IV). Previous research focusing on this motor dysfunction has yielded inconsistent results, and the "clumsiness" observed clinically remains poorly defined. To clarify further the issue of motor impairment, we compared a group of 10 children and young adults who met DSM-IV criteria for AS with a control group with no neurological impairment. Subjects were matched on age, sex, socioeconomic status, and Verbal IQ. A broad battery of motoric tests was administered. Subjects with AS were found to perform more poorly than controls on tests of apraxia, one-leg balance with eyes closed, tandem gait, and repetitive finger-thumb apposition. No significant differences were found on tests of finger tapping, grooved pegboard, trail making, or visual-motor integration. The pattern of impairments suggests that a proprioceptive deficit may underlie the incoordination observed in AS and that these individuals may be overreliant on visual input to maintain balance and position in space.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Full-term neonate twins from weight-discordant pairs were compared with nondiscordant pairs on perinatal variables, minor physical anomalies, developmental status, and temperament/interactive measures. For perinatal variables, twins from the top quartile of discordance were found to be at higher risk than other twins. Both the total group of discordant twins and twins with the most extreme discordance had higher weighted minor physical anomaly scores, more minor physical anomalies, and lower developmental status scores than nondiscordant twins. For temperament, twins in the extreme discordant group were more active while awake than twins in the nondiscordant group. The results are discussed in relation to expected group differences in perinatal measures, the timing during gestation of insults related to discordance and minor physical anomalies, and the significance of behavioral differences between cotwins versus between groups. implications for developmental risk for both twins from discordant pairs are discussed.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Hispanic groups are often aggregated when examining adolescent drinking. The objective of this study was to determine the roles of Hispanic group (Puerto Rican versus Dominican) and gender in alcohol use among inner-city youth. Sixth and seventh graders in 22 New York City schools who identified themselves as Puerto Rican or Dominican completed self-report questionnaires at two assessments (N = 849 at baseline; N = 678 at 1-year follow-up). Dominican adolescents generally engaged in more alcohol use than Puerto Rican adolescents. In a number of cases, gender moderated the effect of Hispanic group on drinking. Specifically, Dominican boys reported greater use than Dominican girls, but use was similar across gender for Puerto Rican adolescents. These findings highlight the importance of considering Hispanic group and gender when examining adolescent drinking.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Partial preservation of object-oriented hand use (OOHU) was studied behaviorally in a 6-1/2-year-old girl with the preserved speech variant (PSV) of Rett syndrome (RS), associated with a T 158 missenseMeCP2mutation and favorably skewed X-inactivation. At home, OOHU was limited except for self-feeding. When examined, overall time invested in toy play was only 38% of that of healthy subjects, and also, by comparison with healthy subjects, less when autonomous than when socially-facilitated (13% vs 63%). Good interest in and responsiveness to people translated into better motivation for OOHU. She responded to others' requests for grasping and handling objects and used them to reinforce affiliations with people. Results were discussed in terms of a disruption of the formation of a specialized OOHU cerebral network in RS, partially compensated for by the favorably skewed X-inactivation, which among other effects permitted functional retention of the network segment incorporating social influence and motivation.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Harry's parents report concern about him to their pediatrician because the child care worker has told them that he seems "insecure." In the first 3 weeks of the new day care program, this 2 1/2-year-old boy separated reluctantly (with much crying and clinging) from his parent in the morning and then remained on the periphery of the activities. He watched quietly but observantly from the sidelines while most of the other children talked and played. He repeatedly resisted invitations from the staff and other children to join in the activities. Yet, he seems interested and does not appear to be unhappy. At home he has two playmates in the neighborhood. The child care worker advised professional evaluation for his "emotional insecurity."The parents of 7-month-old Jimmy come to you in great dismay, saying that he has been "basically screaming since birth." At present he is crying or fussing for well over 3 hours a day. The management strategies that had worked well for their two older children seem to be quite inadequate for Jimmy. He is sensitive, irritable, and hard to soothe. The parents are spending much of the day and night carrying him around the house. The previous pediatrician said at 2 months that it was "just colic" and would either get better soon with a special formula or that it would take another month or so to go away by itself. Yet, 5 months later the fussing and crying are only a little better, although Jimmy does have periods when he smiles and laughs. The parents consulted a psychologist who only told them that Jimmy was developmentally normal. One of the grandmothers recommended marital counseling for the parents because they are arguing over how best to handle their baby. The parents think that they should reject that suggestion because they believe that they have a good marriage and they have had few problems with their two older children. There are no vomiting or diarrhea and no unusual family stressors, and the physical examination and developmental screen are negative.Carla is a bright 14-year-old girl whose parents ask you what they should do about her school underachievement. Throughout elementary school and now in middle school, she has made high scores on aptitude tests but only average results on achievement tests and grades. She could be getting A's, but she generally receives only B's or C's. From discussions with the parents, you recognize that Carla is somewhat disorganized, timid, inattentive, and distractible. But she has no learning disabilities and no evidence of behavioral or emotional problems at home or at school. When confronted by a crisis, such as writing a long-neglected term paper in the next 24 hours, she concentrates very well and usually gets an A. The school is more than adequate. The school counselor is mildly concerned and called for a parent conference but is not recommending any further evaluation because Carla is not failing. However, her highly achieving parents are somewhat disappointed. An aunt has suggested that she should be "tested for ADHD." The parents want to know your opinion.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This review provides a summary of the dietary aspects of pediatric health conditions. Within each condition, dietary recommendations are reviewed, and adherence rates, factors affecting adherence, and known interventions are reported. Findings indicate that knowledge is necessary but not sufficient for dietary change. Interventions specifically targeting diet appear more promising than interventions aimed at global treatment adherence. Behavioral interventions and group treatment modalities also appear promising. Recommendations for future research include a systematic assessment of barriers to dietary adherence across populations, integration of the research on normative development of eating behavior in childhood, and the application of this information to the design and implementation of future treatment.

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0196-206X    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID