摘要:

A total of 4,375 subjects were recruited through continuous street outreach over 31 months for interviews on HIV-related risk behavior and HIV-antibody testing. Changes over time among sampled subjects with respect to HIV infection and HIV-risk behavior have been examined retrospectively, and significant and consistent trends noted across successive cohorts. Although overall 42% of the sample tested HIV antibody-positive, HIV infection exhibited a consistent downward trend from 60% in the first quarter year of interviewing to 22% in the final quarter year. Scores on a multivariate index of HIV risk also declined significantly. Mean age, proportion of Black subjects, mean length of drug injection career, frequency of drug injection, and the use of shooting galleries all declined significantly across quarters as well. We argue that these observed differences result from a systematic sampling bias inherent in our outreach-driven sampling procedures, which initially favored recruitment of IDUs with greater behavioral and demographic risk for HIV.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We studied annual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroprevalence and incidence in a large number of intravenous drug users attending drug treatment centers in three Italian urban areas. We also evaluated risk factors for HIV seropositivity and for HIV seroconversion. The results showed that HIV prevalence and incidence are declining. HIV prevalence declined dramatically in study participants that were <25 years old. Prevalent HIV cases were associated with older age and longer duration of intravenous drug use; however, short duration of drug use increased the risk of seroconversion. The findings of our study suggest that comparing cross-sectional and longitudinal data contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of the HIV epidemic among intravenous drug users.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

To identify factors associated with unsafe needle hygiene, we studied 378 injection drug users (IDUs) in Denver, Colorado. The sample was drawn from neighborhoods with large concentrations of injectors and crack smokers. Respondents were questioned about their needle hygiene practices during the 30-day period prior to the interview. Unsafe needle hygiene, defined as injecting with previously used, nondisinfected needles, was reported by more than a third of those interviewed. Unsafe needle practices were associated with a number of factors, including heroin injection, perceived chance of getting AIDS, and lack of exposure to AIDS interventions in the community. The high percentage reporting unsafe needle practices within a 30-day interval points to the grave risk AIDS continues to pose for drug users. We conclude that the apparent success of exposure to AIDS intervention efforts in changing needle practices shows promise for prevention programs targeting drug injectors.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Data on T-cell subsets from 89 human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) carriers and 25 seronegative people were analyzed to identify differences in T-cell subset values among three subgroups: HTLV-I carriers with abnormal lymphocytes (Ably; n = 24), carriers without Ably (n = 65), and HTLV-I seronegatives (n = 25). Estimates of mean values were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, and alcohol drinking, as appropriate. The percentage of CD25+T cells was elevated in carriers with Ably (mean, 16.7 ± 1.0) compared with the seronegatives (11.4 ± 1.4;p= 0.0002); individuals with CD25 T-cell percentages above the median for the seronegatives had a corresponding 5.4-fold risk for being a carrier with Ably. Similarly, the percentage of CD4 T cells was elevated in carriers with Ably. Conversely, the percentage of CD8 T cells was lower among both groups of HTLV-I carriers than in the seronegatives. There was a corresponding significant increase (p= 0.0004) of the CD4/CD8 ratio among carriers with Ably (1.57 ± 0.12) compared with the seronegatives (1.22 ± 0.12). Among subjects with CD4/CD8 ratios above the median for the seronegatives, there were 6.8− and 4.5-fold risks for being carriers with or without Ably, respectively. The percentage of CD7 was lower among carriers with Ably (75.6 ± 1.6) than among seronegatives (78.9 ± 1.5;p= 0.13). The percentage of β-interleukin-2-receptor-positive T cells did not vary among the three subgroups. The results indicate that levels of CD25 and CD4 cells are increased among HTLV-I carriers, with the largest increase seen in carriers with Ably. Aside from changes in T-cell percentages due to clonal expansion of infected cells, altered cytokine production in response to HTLV-I infection may mediate changes in T-cell populations.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID