摘要:

SummaryBreast milk specimens from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive and HIV-1-seronegative women were examined for the presence of HIV-1 p24 antigen by the antigen capture method and for viral DNA using the polymerase chain reaction. HIV-1 DNA was present in 70% of milk specimens collected from 47 HIV-seropositive women 0–4 days after delivery and in ∼50% of specimens collected 6 and 12 months postpartum. p24 antigen, present in 24% of milk specimens collected from 37 seropositive women within the first 4 days postpartum, was not detected in any of the subsequent specimens. The presence of HIV-1 DNA or p24 antigen in milk was not significantly associated with maternal CD4 lymphocyte count, β2-microglobulin level, or fulfillment of the AIDS clinical case definition. Although the correlation of either HIV-1 proviral DNA or p24 antigen with the presence of infectious virus is not known, these data indicate the need for additional studies examining the role of breastfeeding in maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThe method of backcalculation was used to estimate the cumulative number of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected adults in Germany from reporting delay-corrected surveillance data on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the pretreatment era. Using different back-calculation approaches with various incubation period distributions, a plausible range of 13,100 to 23,900 HIV-1-infected adults as of December 31, 1984, was calculated. Estimates of the number infected at more recent times were subject to much greater uncertainty. On average, the cumulative incidences calculated by the nonparametric backprojection method are about 15% lower than the results from the step function model. Nonparametric backprojection with the Hessol incubation distribution suggests a declining HIV infection rate after 1985, as might be expected from German health policies. This distribution is derived from cohorts of homosexual men, the main fraction of German AIDS cases.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummarySerum concentrations of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNF-Rs) were measured in 61 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Thirty-five percent of these had increased serum concentrations of sTNF-R type I (p55) (sTNF-R55) and 82% had increased concentrations of sTNF-R type II (p75) (sTNF-R75). The extent of the increase of sTNF-R75 was greater in more advanced HIV infection (p= 0.046) as it was measured by dividing the 61 individuals into two groups according to the median of the CD4+T-cell count. However, the increase in concentrations of sTNF-R55 in the group with a CD4+T-cell count below the median was only moderate and did not reach statistical significance. A strong correlation was found between sTNF-R75 and the soluble immune activation markers β2-microglobulin (rs= 0.74,p< 0.0001) and urinary neopterin (rs= 0.67,p< 0.0001), and a less strong correlation was found with interferon-γ (rs= 0.51,p= 0.0001). The correlations observed for sTNF-R55 were also significant but were always weaker than that of sTNF-R75. A weak inverse correlation was found between the number of CD4+T cells and sTNF-R75 (rs= −0.33,p= 0.012), but no such correlation was observed with sTNF-R55. Our findings suggest that increased concentrations of serum sTNF-Rs in HIV infection are linked to immune activation, in which synergistic actions of interferon-γ and the TNF-α system are likely to play an important role.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryWhile patterns of health care financing for HIV have received considerable attention in the literature, the financial impact of disease on individuals living with HIV infection has been underexplored, particularly in relation to disease progression. Therefore, we sought to document changes in employment, income, and insurance coverage over time among HIV-negative, HIV-positive, and AIDS-diagnosed gay and bisexual men participating in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and to document measures of financial hardship. Persons with AIDS (PWAs) were 2.7 times more likely to lose full-time employment over a 6-month period than seronegative persons (p< 0.05), and loss of employment was strongly associated (p< 0.001) with both loss of private health insurance and loss of income. Twenty-seven percent of PWAs reported having financial difficulty meeting their basic expenses, compared with 10% of seronegatives (p< 0.001), and 15% of PWAs, compared with only 9% of seronegative persons, said that, for financial reasons, they had not sought medical care that they thought they needed (p= 0.028). When 27% of PWAs in a cohort such as this report financial difficulty meeting their basic expenses, it is clear that the response of our public health and social welfare systems has not been adequate. Given that the problems experienced by most persons infected by HIV are considerably more severe than those experienced by MACS participants, the imperative for action is even greater.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryHematologic data from 1,039 persons who participated in the Miyazaki Cohort study on human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) infection were analyzed. Individuals were classified by HTLV-I antibody status and the presence of abnormal lymphocytes (Ably). We identified several differences in selected leukocyte populations: lymphocyte percent was higher among the HTLV-I carriers with Ably (36.5 ± 2.0%, n = 29) compared with the carriers without Ably (33.1 ± 0.6%, n = 299) and the seronegatives (34.6 ± 0.4%, n = 711) (p= 0.04). Conversely, there was a trend of decreasing eosinophil percent among both carrier groups with the lowest percent among carriers with Ably (1.8 ± 0.5%) compared with the seronegatives (2.8 ± 0.1%) (p = 0.05). Mean basophil percent w, decreased among both carriers groups (p = 0.09). Additionally, red cell count was elevated among the carriers with Ably (461 ±7 x 104/mm3) compared with the seronegatives (446 ± 2 x 104/mm3) (p = 0.03). The HTLV-I carriers with Ably had lower serum albumin (4.39 ± 0.05 g%) compared with the seronegatives (4.47 ± 0.01 g%) (p = 0.10). These alterations may be a consequence of HTLV-I infection, with the greatest changes among carriers with Ably, a subset thought to be at risk for developing adult T-cell leukemia.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID