摘要:

Summary:This study examines the prevalence and risk factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) infection in pregnant women in Dakar, Senegal. From April 1991 to January 1993, 9,518 pregnant women were interviewed and serologically tested for antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2; 26 (0.3%) were HIV-1 seropositive, 44 (0.5%) were HIV-2 sero-positive, two (0.02%) were dually seropositive, and 9,448 (99.3%) were seronegative. Guinea-Bissau nationality and age >25 years were associated with HIV-2 infection, whereas parity ≤2 was associated with HIV-1 infection. Among women who gave birth to live infants, shorter length of union with the partner and having been married more than once were associated with HIV-2 infection, whereas age ≤25 years was associated with HIV-1 infection. Information gained by this study may help target intervention strategies for preventing maternal HIV infection and understanding biological differences between the two viruses.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary:To examine the possible influence of obstetric factors, substance use during pregnancy, and other maternal factors on the relationship between a low maternal CD4+level and vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), data were analyzed from the Mothers and Infants Cohort Study, a prospective cohort followed for up to 4 years between 1986 and 1992 in Brooklyn and the Bronx, New York. The overall transmission rate for the cohort was 25.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 19.0–31.3). Prenatal CD4*lymphocyte measurements were available for 162 HIV-seropositive mothers of infants with known infection outcomes. Among mothers who smoked cigarettes after the first trimester, those whose mean prenatal CD4+level was <20% had more than a threefold increased risk of transmitting their infection to their infants [relative risk (RR) = 3.30; 95% CI = 1.46–7.44;p= 0.004). Among mothers who developed premature rupture of membranes, those with a low CD4+level had a similarly increased risk of vertical transmission (RR = 4.33; 95% CI = 1.78–10.5;p= 0.003). These relative risks were much higher than those for mothers who did not smoke after the first trimester (RR = 1.14; 95% CI = 0.48–2.70;p= 0.76) or have premature rupture of membranes (RR = 1.29; 95% CI = 0.61–2.74;p= 0.50), indicating that these factors modified the effect of CD4+level on transmission. Among all mothers without regard to CD4+level, those who experienced preterm premature rupture of membranes were also at greater risk of transmission (RR = 2.24; 95% CI = 1.07–4.69;p= 0.03). These findings suggest that it may be possible to decrease the risk of vertical transmission of HIV-1 among women with low CD4+levels by discontinuation of smoking during pregnancy and other interventions that reduce the risk of premature rupture of membranes.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary:To examine the effects ofMycobacterium tuberculosison human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) expression, the monocytoid cell line U1 containing integrated provirus was incubated with the H37Ra strain ofM. tuberculosis.This resulted in heightened expression of virus in supernatant that was partially inhibited by antibody to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Purified protein derivative (PPD) prepared fromM. tuberculosisalso could activate HIV expression, and this was less affected by anti-TNF antibody. PPD could activate the HIV promoter in both U937, the monocytoid cell line from which U1 was derived, and Jurkat, a CD4+lymphoid line. Activation was abolished by mutations in the nuclear factor (NF)-kB binding domains. Jurkat cells transfected with a plasmid construct linking 8 NF-kB binding domains to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene showed increased activity of the reporter gene after activation with PPD. Transcriptional activation of HIV expression by mycobacteria and mycobacterial products may enhance propagation of HIV in monocytoid and lymphoid cells. This may result in accelerated HIV disease progression in persons coinfected withM. tuberculasis.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1994

数据来源: OVID