摘要:

Summary:The study of the clinical manifestations, progression, and outcome of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in women has begun in earnest. AIDS-defining diseases that are more common in women than in men include wasting syndrome, esophageal candidiasis, and herpes simplex virus disease, whereas Kaposi's sarcoma is rare. Non-AIDS-defining gynecological conditions such as vaginal candida infections and cervical pathology are prevalent among women at all stages of HIV infection. Associations have been documented between the presence of human papillomavirus, lower genital tract neoplasia, and HIV-related immunosuppression. Pregnancy has not been confirmed to have an effect on the clinical progression of HIV disease in women incremental to the effect of time. Differential access and utilization of therapeutic interventions appear to account for much of the reported gender discrepancy in survival. Well designed epidemiological and clinical studies will help further scientific Knowledge leading to early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and timely prevention of the manifestations of HIV disease in women.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryA high-risk population (patients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic and the GT hospital in Bombay) was tested for antibodies against HIV-1 and HIV-2. Among 405 serum samples, 226 had previously been classified HIV-positive in India using different locally available enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) tests. The serology of 179 samples was unknown. All 405 samples were tested at the Georg-Speyer-Haus (GSH) with the Pasteur HIV-1/2-Combi-ELISA. Positive samples were further analyzed with HIV-1 and HIV-2 Western blot kits from Dupont and Pasteur, respectively. A very high seroprevalence of HIV was found in this population. Among the 179 unscreened samples, 69 (38.5%) were positive in the ELISAs as well as the Western blots for HIV-1 or HIV-2. Among the prescreened samples, only 174 (77%) were confirmed HIV-positive. Altogether, 243 of 405 sera were HIV-positive. Of these, 184 (76%) were reactive with HIV-1, 10 (4%) were reactive with HIV-2, and 49 (20%) had dual reactivity to HIV-1 and HIV-2. Previous data from the Indian Council of Medical Research*had already suggested a possible high prevalence of HIV-1 in India. Our results confirm this view The finding of a substantial spread of HIV-2 infection was, however, totally unexpected in India, but confirms our previous study which had already demonstrated the existence of HIV-2 in this country. Asia can thus no longer be considered free of HIV-2, and testing for HIV-2 appears mandatory, at least in India. Because of the rapid evolution of HIV variants, one Indian isolate of HIV-1 was analyzed genetically. The nucleotide sequence analysis of partialenvclones revealed a high divergence (20%) from the African as well as the European-North American HIV-1 sequences. These data indicate that a genetically distinct subgroup of HIV-1 is present in India, requiring further study.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryIn this project, we examined the spectrum of AIDS-related conditions and variations in associated inpatient mortality for AIDS patients treated in a national sample of hospitals. We identified 10,538 adult discharges with a diagnosis indicating AIDS from 258 hospitals from a national sample of 438 acute-care hospitals with 6 million discharges in 1986–1987. Opportunistic and other infections occurred in 55.9 and 37.9%, respectively, of AIDS discharges, and inpatient fatality rates varied considerably depending on complication type(s) and comorbidities. Clinical conditions were more important predictors of inpatient death than demographic or treatment site characteristics. Among opportunistic infections, odds of inpatient death were significantly increased for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (odds ratio [OR] = 2.8),Pneu-mocystis cariniipneumonia (OR = 2.4), cryptococcosis (OR = 1.6), atypical mycobacterial infections (OR = 1.6), and toxoplasmosis (OR = 1.3). Odds of inpatient death were also significantly increased by non-AIDS-defining infections causing septicemia (OR = 3.1) or CNS involvement (OR = 1.6) or pulmonary involvement (OR = 1.5). After controlling for clinical conditions, significant differences in odds of death persisted across regions, age, and ethnic groups. Increases in hospitals' AIDS treatment experience were associated with a significant decrease in odds of inpatient death. These analyses provide a national perspective on the diversity of AIDS-related clinical conditions and their relative effects on inpatient mortality.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary:The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and significance of nondiagnostic Western blot (WB) assays in homosexual/bisexual men at risk of infection with HIV-1. The presence of a positive enzyme-linked antibody assay (EIA) confirmed by a positive WB was used as evidence of infection and seroconversion. Indeterminate WB assays were defined as reactions to only one viral gene product of HIV-1. Three analyses were conducted to (a) determine the frequency of such reactions in men who, during a 4-year period, did not develop diagnostic serologic reactions; (b) determine, retrospectively, the preseroconversion frequency of indeterminate WB assays in 286 men who seroconverted; and (c) evaluate in vitro production of specific antibody by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as a method of indicating whether or not an indeterminate WB assay represents HIV-1 infection. Reactions to products ofgag, pol, or envwere noted in 8.0, 4.0, and 6.7% of 1,595 first-visit tests of men who remained seronegative for 4 years. Indeterminate reactions occurred in 204 men with negative EIAs who subsequently seroconverted and in 82 men with positive EIAs preconversion. Supernatants harvested from PBMCs of 2 of 36 seroconverters obtained one or two visits preseroconversion and cultured with pokeweed mitogen were antibody-positive. All were positive at the visit, with diagnostic serology. None of the supernatants from cells of 19 men with EIA-negative WB-indeterminate serologic assays were antibody-positive. Our results suggest that persistently EIA-negative homosexual/bisexual men who have indeterminate WB assays are unlikely to be infected with HIV-1. In contrast, EIA-positive, WB-indeterminate serologic assays in this cohort were frequently associated with subsequent seroconversion.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThe human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line HT29 can be infected with various isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2). In some cases, the virus was able to perform its complete cycle of replication as demonstrated by the persistent production of mature viral particles in the cell-free culture supernatant. We have cultured HT29 cells chronically infected with the replicative strain HIV1-NDK in a chemically defined serum-free medium. Under these conditions, the cells were able to maintain a high level of viral replication, as demonstrated by reverse tran-scriptase activities and in situ hybridization studies. By indirect immunofluo rescence labeling and electron microscopy, we observed that serum starvation was associated with the differentiation of HIV-1-infected HT29 cells into mucous-secreting cells resembling epithelial goblet cells of the colonic mucosa. These mucous-secreting cells, which accounted for 50% of the overall population, produced mature particles of HIV through their apical membrane in the vicinity of mucous granules. These data suggest that HIV-infected goblet cells in the colonic mucosa may produce the virus in the colorectal lumen; this could explain the route of transmission of HIV in the case of anal intercourse.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary:The myeloid-monocytic cells ML-1, HL-60, THP-1, and U-937 were chronically infected (for >2 years) with the lymphotropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strain HTLV-IIIB. Reinfection experiments revealed that viruses obtained from chronically infected ML-1/HIV-1 and HL-60/HIV-1 cells showed a low infectivity if tested with uninfected ML-1 and HL-60 cells in contrast to virus preparations from chronically infected THP-1/HIV-1 and U-937/HIV-1 with their corresponding uninfected cell lines. Analyses of selected cell surface markers revealed a differential expression of CD4, CD8, CD11c, CD14, CD15, CD20, HLA-DR, and HLA-DQ in non- or chronically infected cells. In chronically infected cells, the steady-state levels for tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA remained unchanged whereas the one for IL-6 dropped.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThis report compares the immunogenicity of three different preparations of gp120 [the envelope glycoprotein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virus]: (a) native, fully glycosylated gp120; (b) a nonglycosylated, denatured form of gp120; and (c) a nonglycosylated peptide representing the “immunodominant” third hypervariable region of the gp120 molecule. Results indicate that the native glycosylated form of gp120 induces a maximal anti-HIV response in which a majority of B cells bind to conformation-dependent epitopes but less than one-fifth recognize the V3 loop region.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThree calves were experimentally inoculated with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) to examine BIV pathogenesis. Inoculated calves produced specific antibody that could be detected from 3 to 5 weeks up to 1 year postinoculation (pi). Virus was isolated from peripheral blood mononu-clear cells (PBMC) 3–4 weeks pi by syncytia assay. Thereafter, the virus could be continually isolated. BIV could be isolated from monocytes but not from T cells. Likewise, monocytes could be infected with BIV in vitro. Various monocyte functions of these BIV-infected calves and age-matched uninfected calves were tested; superoxide anion release, phagocytic activity, and chemotactic responsiveness of monocytes were depressed in BIV-infected calves compared with control calves. A slight delay in the humoral immune response against mouse serum protein was also evident. During the observation period of ∼ 1 year, no significant clinical symptoms could be observed. One calf, however, was killed at 15 months pi. At the time of necropsy, BIV could be isolated from PBMC as well as from cells of the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary:Four macaques (Macaca nemestrina;1 female and 3 males) were administered dideoxyinosine (DDI) at three dose levels (3.2 mg/kg i.v., 10 mg/kg i.v., and 20 mg/kg s.c.). Blood and urine samples were collected during 6–8 h and 24 h after drug administration, respectively. The mean plasma clearance (16.7 \pm 4.9 ml/min/kg), steady-state volume of distribution (1.5 \pm 0.4 L/kg), and terminal plasma half-life (96.8 \pm 7.5 min) did not differ significantly between the two i.v. doses. DDI was eliminated from the body primarily by excretion of the unchanged drug in the urine (74%). The absorption of DDI from the subcutaneous site was complete (bioavailability of 0.91 \pm 0.13) and rapid, with peak plasma concentration obtained at 30 min.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary:Although most children with AIDS have acquired HIV from their mothers, transmission from an HIV-infected mother to her infant is neither uniform nor currently predictable. With the rapid worldwide spread of HIV infection, particularly into women of child-bearing age, definition of the risk factors associated with maternal transmission is essential to develop and deliver intervention therapy that might impact on the devastating spread of AIDS. To promote research defining the risk factors of HIV transmission from mother to infant, an international workshop was held on January 17–18, 1992, in Siena, Italy. Epidemiology, immunology, virology, and health issues associated with maternal HIV transmission were actively discussed by participants. Current information from the literature and new data available from laboratories formed the basis for the consensus opinions developed at the meeting. Wide differences (10–39%) in HIV transmission seen at different geographic sites may be explained by multiple risk factors. The timing of transmission of HIV from mother to fetal, newborn, or breast-fed infants may be further complicated by viral burden and other cofactors. There are intriguing suggestions that the immunological status of the mother may be influential in preventing or reducing HIV transmission. But this appears to be interrelated with the HIV viral burden and health status of the mother and in turn her likelihood to transmit HIV to her offspring. The infecting “inoculum” may be low and/or selective because of biological barriers that favor reduced transmission with good health of the mother and the absence of other infectious diseases.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1992

数据来源: OVID