摘要:

Inhibition of infectivity, cytopathicity, and binding by soluble CD4 was determined for several human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-l and HIV-2 strains. Although infectivity and binding of both groups were blocked equally well by OKT4A, HIV-2 viruses were more refractory to inhibition by soluble CD4. Rates of envelope shedding, as determined by thermal stability, did not differ between HIV-1 and HIV-2; however, Scatchard plot analysis of radio- labeled virus binding revealed that fewer HIV-2 virions were bound to CD4 + cells under saturating conditions. The HIV-2 viruses also possessed consistently greater infectivity, whereas greater concentrations of gpl20 were found in supernatants of HIV-1-infected cells and in HIV-2 virus pellets, suggesting that more envelope glycoprotein remains associated with HIV-2 virions. This factor may contribute to the observed in-vitro resistance of HIV-2 viruses to soluble CD4.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We have investigated the neurotropism of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in naturally and experimentally infected cats. Antibodies to FIV were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 9 of 10 naturally infected cats, and the virus was cultured from the CSF of 5 of 9 of these cats. After experimental intrathecal or intra-bone-marrow inoculation, FIV antibodies were detected in CSF, as were CSF pleocytosis, increased IgG concentration, and elevated CSF IgG index. Brain lesions consisting of perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrates and both glial nodules and diffuse gliosis were observed in the midbrain and thalamus 7 months after inoculation. Virus was recovered by primary culture of brain tissue from several brain regions (cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, midbrain, cerebellum, rostral and caudal brainstem) but was not recovered from choroid plexus. In vitro, FIV infected primary cultures of feline astrocytes and brain macrophages. Infection of astrocytes resulted in early syncytium formation, production of infectious virions, and eventual cell death. In brain macrophages, FIV infection was noncytopathic. Productive infection of feline neurons or oligodendrocytes was not observed. We conclude that FIV is a neurotropic lentivirus and that FIV infection of feline CNS may serve as a useful model for study of human immune deficiency virus infection of the human CNS.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Natural killer (NK) cells may be of significance in host defense against viral infections. In the present study, NK cell function was examined in relation to different phases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested for NK cell activity using K562 cell targets in a51Cr-release assay. NK cell responses of 26 HIV- seronegative homosexual men were not significantly different from those of 30 heterosexual controls. NK activity was significantly lower in cells from 32 homosexual men with documented, early-phase HIV infection (average of 14 months; range of 3–27 months) as compared with that of seronegative men. The NK cell response decreased with time, since men within the first year of infection (n = 15; average of 7.8 months; range of 3–12 months) had greater NK cell activity than did those with longer duration of infection (n = 17; average of 18.3 months; range of 13–27 months). The decrease in NK cell activity did not correlate with altered numbers of cells bearing CD16 (NK) markers in these subjects. NK cell-mediated lysis and cell numbers were most severely depressed in a separate group of HIV-seropositive men who had acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In vitro treatment with α-interferon (α-IFN) significantly enhanced NK activity of effector cells obtained from men within the first year of HIV infection but not in those with longer-term infection. Our results indicate that NK cell function decreases over time within the first 2 years of HIV infection in homosexual men, and is lowest in HIV- seropositive men with overt AIDS. This suggests that α-IFN is of therapeutic benefit in enhancing natural immunity during the relatively early phase of HIV infection, i. e., the first 12 months, but is potentially of less value thereafter.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Sera from patients affected either by the classic/Mediterranean form (5 patients) and human immune deficiency virus (HlV)-associated (12 patients) form of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) were compared in supporting endothelial cell in-vitro proliferation. Healthy blood donors (15) and a group of 7 HIV-positive drug addicts with no dermatological involvement were used as control groups. Endothelial cell growth was assessed by means of a [3H]thymidine incorporation and by an optical density direct cell-counting assay. Our results indicate that, at the highest concentrations, sera obtained from patients affected by KS with no sign of HIV infection induced significantly higher levels of endothelial cell proliferation when compared with HIV-associated KS and with normal controls. This growth-promoting activity was apparently cell selective, being present in endothelial cell but not in fibroblast cultures.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

We measured quality of life using the Karnofsky Performance Status and Quality of Weil-Being scale (QWB) for 31 patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex in a placebo-controlled trial of zidovudine. Sixteen patients were randomized to zidovudine and 15 to placebo. We recorded nine scores for each patient during 1 year. During the blinded trial, 3 patients receiving placebo died; at 1 year, one had died in the zidovudine group and 10 in the placebo group. Repeated-measures analysis of variance demonstrated that mean scores declined less for the zidovudine group than for the placebo group during the blinded trial (p < 0.03) and during 1 year (p < 0.002). However, because the QWB incorporates death into its score, these results largely reflected differ- ences in mortality. When data from those who died were excluded, Karnofsky scores were higher for the zidovudine group at the end of the blinded trial (p < 0.02), but at 1 year no significant differences were observed between groups. The QWB and other quality-of-life measures may contribute to more comprehensive evaluation of AIDS treatments, and may detect treatment effects ear- lier. Whether existing measures can detect real differences among survivors will require testing in patients with less advanced disease.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The concomitant administration of acetaminophen to HIV-positive patients receiving zidovudine (AZT) therapy has previously been thought to increase the likelihood of the toxicity of AZT due to increased serum levels, resulting from hypothesized metabolic competition. We measured serum AZT and metabolite levels by HPLC in HIV-infected patients taking regular doses of AZT with and without acetaminophen administration. In all patients, serum levels of AZT and the glucuronidated metabolite (GAZT) were similar with and without acetaminophen administration. AZT serum levels were not increased (p < 0.05). We believe that the rationale for withholding acetaminophen from patients receiving AZT should be re-evaluated.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Treatment of advanced HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) with combination chemotherapy yields a high tumor regression rate but also a high incidence of opportunistic infections (OIs), most notably Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). We attempted to maintain a high response rate and minimize the likelihood for developing PCP by designing a flexible low-dose weekly multidrug chemotherapy regimen that alternates two myelotoxic with one to two nonmyelotoxic drugs, concurrently with prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine. Eighteen homosexual men were treated, all of whom had had prior Ois or exhibited advanced mucocutaneous or visceral disease and/or systemic symptoms. In 17 evaluable patients, 16 partial responses but no complete responses were observed (objective response rate = 94%). Median time to response and response duration were 2 and 8 months, respectively. Toxicity was limited to a reversible sensory neuropathy in three patients, and five required blood transfusions. With a median follow-up time of 17 months, two cases of PCP and six other OIs occurred. Overall median survival was 12 months, with most of the deaths (8 of 14) secondary to recurrent KS. Weekly low-dose multidrug chemotherapy + PCP prophylaxis yields a high response rate but high relapse rate, a low incidence of PCP, and comparable or better survival to other regimens not employing PCP prophylaxis. Our results suggest that the optimal combined modality approach for patients with adv anced HIV- KS should include a more intensive multidrug chemotherapy regimen in com- bination with a vigorous, broad-scoped prophylactic regimen for PCP and other potential OIs.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

To define the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in- fection in Africa, clinical and laboratory investigations were conducted on 265 HIV-seropositive outpatients in Zimbabwe. Twenty-four of the study subjects were asymptomatic (ASX), 124 had persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL), and 117 had AIDS-related complex (ARC). HIV infection was assessed by commercial ELISA, Western blots, synthetic peptide ELISA, and measurement of p24 antigen. Serum immunoglobulins, lymphocyte mitogen re- sponses, and CD4+ cell numbers were obtained in 54 sequential patients. Compared to seronegative subjects, mean CD4+ cell numbers were decreased and serum immunoglobulins, particularly IgM and IgG, were increased in all groups of seropositive subjects. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A decreased progressively in ASX, PGL, and ARC patients and were significantly lower in PGL and ARC patients compared to seronegative controls. Generalized lymphadenopathy was present in 234/265 (88%) of patients. Lymph node biopsies in 100 patients demon- strated follicular hyperplasia in 97 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 3. Of 165 patients followed for a median of 6 months, 5 developed the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Symptoms of ARC, low CD4+ cell number, and p24 antigen were predictive of the development of AIDS in Zimbabwe.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The role of age on the risk of developing AIDS and on survival onceAIDS occurs was studied in a cohort of HIV( + ) hemophiliacs (n = 84), on whom HIV seroconversion dates and clinical endpoints were known. The Kaplan-Meier estimates of the proportion developing AIDS were 12, 28, and 49% by 4, 6, and 7½ years' duration of infection, respectively. The proportion developing AIDS by 6 years after infection was estimated to be 49, 24, and 5% for those >30 years of age at seroconversion, between 18 and 30, and 18 and under, respectively (p < 0.002). The proportion estimated to have a fatal out- come by 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 years after AIDS diagnosis was 64, 76, and 88%, respectively, for those over 40 at seroconversion, which was significantly greater than 33, 48, and 81, respectively, for those ≤ 40 (p < 0.01). In conclusion, (a) nearly half of this cohort is estimated to develop AIDS by 71/2 years' duration of infection, and (b) older age is associated with significantly shorter time to AIDS and shorter survival once AIDS occurs.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The transmission of HIV-1 infection from men with hemophilia A to their female sex partners and secondarily to their children was studied by serological markers including antibody, antigen, and HIV genome as detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among 27 sex partners of 26 seropositive hemophiliacs, 5 were seropositive-PCR positive (active), 11 were seronegative-PCR positive (latent), and 11 were negative for both. These results were confirmed by testing serial serum samples and paired samples of DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum from seronega- tive women. PCR negativity in exposed women was correlated with the use of condoms (p < 0.01). Eight children from five couples were seronegative. How- ever, HIV-1 infection as detected by PCR was transmitted to 60% of exposed children, including one from a seronegative-PCR positive mother.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID