摘要:

SummaryThe striking similarities between simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-induced disease in macaque monkeys and HIV-induced disease in humans make the SIV-induced macaque monkey an extraordinarily important model for the study of AIDS. The most significant difference between these lentivirus-induced syndromes is the more rapid progression of disease in SIV-infected monkeys. The immunologic and pathologic manifestations of SIV infections in rhesus monkeys are described.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryFull-length recombinant CD4 (rCD4) was bound to human red blood cell membranes using a low-pH incubation procedure. The red blood cells bearing recombinant CD4 (RBC-rCD4+) specifically bound to gp120-covered plates. The binding showed a threshold effect at low rCD4 concentrations per RBC. The binding of RBC-rCD4+to gp120 plates was not inhibited by plasma proteins (incubation in human blood plasma). Preincubation of the RBC-rCD4+with monoclonal anti-CD4 antibodies blocked the binding to the gp120-covered plates. Incubation of chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fibroblasts, which constitutively express the HIV envelope protein gp120 with RBC-rCD4+, resulted in the formation of large cell aggregates. These in vitro data suggest that RBC-rCD4+retain affinity for gp120 and thus could have potential therapeutical value in AIDS treatment.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThe effect of interferon-α (IFN-α) on virus replication in cells acutely infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and virus production from cells persistently infected with HIV-1 was studied. In both cell systems, significant suppression was observed. However, this suppression was not due to protein synthesis of the major viral proteins. Electron microscopy revealed the accumulation of intact virus particles on the cell surface of the cells treated with IFN-α. Thus, IFN-α might suppress the release stage of the particle from infected cells.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThe pharmacokinetics of zidovudine (ZDV or azidothymidine) were investigated in newborn macaques (Macaca nemestrina) at various ages ranging from less than 1 week to 4 months. The mean ZDV total plasma clearance, renal clearance, and the metabolic clearance of ZDV to the glucuronide (ZDVG) were significantly (p < 0.05) smaller during the first week of life (6.15 ± 1.03, 4.25 ± 0.36, and 1.19 ± 0.67 ml/min/kg, respectively) than the corresponding estimates at the age of 4 months (19.62 ± 3.5, 8.28 ± 1.90, and 8.28 ± 2.24 ml/min/kg, respectively). The mean estimates of these parameters at 4 months were close to those found in adult macaques (23.55 ± 1.48, 10.05 ± 0.75, and 10.5 ± 1.9 ml/min/kg, respectively), indicating that these clearance pathways develop rapidly, within 4 months of birth. If similar results are obtained in human neonates, therapeutic drug monitoring should be instituted when administering ZDV to this population so that the dose of ZDV may be adjusted to correspond with age-related changes in total plasma clearance of ZDV.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThe aim of this study was to detect HIV-1 proviral DNA in lysates of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization with a nonradioactive probe. PBMCs were lysed in 1% Triton X-100. PCR was then carried out using primers complementary to a conserved region of the HIV-1polgene. Bracket and nested amplification protocols were used. Products were identified by dot-blot hybridization or agarose gel eleclrophoresis and Southern hybridization, using an alkaline phosphatase-linked oligonucleotide probe specific for amplified sequences. Colorimetric and chemiluminescent substrates were used. HIV-1 DNA was detected in PBMCs of 57/59 HIV-1-seropositive individuals, 8 of which were positive only following the use of nested primers. Of 12 seropositive samples that were negative by other HIV-1 diagnostic tests (PBMC coculture and serum p24 antigen detection), 11 were positive by PCR. PCR using PBMC lysates is a very sensitive method of detecting HIV-1 proviral sequences. The use of nested primers appears to increase the sensitivity of the procedure.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThere are strong ethical and practical reasons for hastening decision-making about the efficacy of new treatments for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. One strategy is to use early markers of disease progression, such as CD4+lymphocyte levels, as surrogates for ultimate clinical endpoints, such as the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or death, in the evaluation of new therapies. We used a simple model of transitions among three health states (well; alive but with an adverse marker; and having experienced a definitive clinical endpoint) to examine the extent to which treatment comparisons based on the surrogate endpoint predict ultimate clinical benefits. With parameters chosen to model the treatment of HIV infection, computer simulations of clinical trials demonstrated substantial time savings by use of the surrogate endpoint. However, reliance on the surrogate led to serious overestimates of ultimate clinical benefit if treatment entailed delayed toxicity or had only transient beneficial effects. Likewise, reliance on the surrogate led to serious underestimates of ultimate clinical benefit when the treatment had no effect on the transition from well to the marker state but did reduce the rates of transition from the marker state to the ultimate clinical endpoint and directly from the well state to the ultimate clinical endpoint.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryThis pilot study examined the effectiveness of fluoxetine in depressed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive asymptomatic patients. Eight patients, participating in an AZT trial who met criteria for major depression syndrome (DSM-III-R), were treated with fluoxetine (20 or 40 mg/day) for 4 weeks. Initially, mean Hamilton Depression scores were 23.8 (range of 17–31), and improved to 6.4 (range of 3–10). All subjects maintained their remission over a 2-month follow-up. Fluoxetine treatment may be effective in treating major depression in HIV-seropositive asymptomatic patients.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryWe identified 277 homosexual and bisexual men diagnosed with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) whose estimated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversion dates, ranging from 1977–85, could be well approximated. These men were from a cohort of 6,705 homosexual and bisexual men originally recruited for studies of sexually transmitted hepatitis B in San Francisco in 1978–80. We compared the time from HIV seroconversion to the initial disease diagnostic of AIDS (AIDS latency period) with the time from first AIDS diagnosis to death (AIDS survival time) and found no significant overall correlation between latency period and survival time. Both Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard stepwise analyses found the initial AIDS diagnosis to be significantly associated with latency period, with individuals first diagnosed with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) having a shorter latency but longer survival than those first diagnosed withPneumocystis cariniipneumonia (PCP) or other AIDS diagnoses. Individuals with KS tended to be diagnosed earlier in the epidemic compared to those with PCP and other non-KS diagnoses. The AIDS survival time was significantly associated with the initial AIDS diagnosis but not with the estimated year of seroconversion, the year of first AIDS diagnosis, age at seroconversion, or racial/ethnic group. The information presented here on the relationship between the AIDS latency period and survival times suggests a model for the pathogenesis of HIV infection in which there is continual deterioration of the immune system. The wider use of antiviral and prophylactic therapies both preceding and following a diagnosis of AIDS may change this model as both latency and survival times are improved.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryIntravenous drug users are crucial to the understanding and control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. We have developed a population-based simulation of a community of intravenous drug users. This model was implemented using Monte Carlo techniques, which permit great flexibility in creating realistic social structures, to describe the needle-sharing network of drug users. We present the baseline behavior of this model in a generic community and demonstrate the model's utility for assessing public health interventions. Our early results demonstrate the powerful effects of social networks on HIV transmission and the importance of prevalence levels in assessing the effectiveness of interventions in the drug-injecting community.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

SummaryUsing data obtained in national surveys of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) conducted in Japan in 1987 and 1988, we estimated the yearly and lifetime risk that HAM/TSP will develop in an HTLV-I-infected person. “Definite” HAM/TSP was defined as slowly progressive myelopathy with antibodies to HTLV-I in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Estimates of HTLV-I infection rates in eight endemic prefectures, by age group and sex, were obtained from serologic studies of blood donors; population figures, by age group, sex, and prefecture, were obtained from the census. Of 589 definite cases of HAM/TSP reported nationally, 397 occurred in residents of the eight endemic prefectures; of these, 170 reported onset of illness during the years 1982–1988 (average incidence, 24.3 cases/year). Using the estimated HTLV-I infection rates and the 1985 census figures, we estimated the number of HTLV-I-infected persons in the eight prefectures in 1985 at 794,800. We therefore estimated the incidence of HAM/TSP among HTLV-I-infected persons at 3.1 x 10-5cases/year; assuming a lifetime of 75 years, the lifetime incidence is approximately one quarter of 1%. This estimate is important in counseling persons such as blood donors found to be infected with HTLV-I.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1990

数据来源: OVID