ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary:The envelope glycoproteins of HIV, gp120 and gp41, contain epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies. Studies of human sera from infected individuals indicate that group-specific neutralization antigens common to most isolates of HIV-1 exist, and that some HIV-2 antisera cross-neutralize HIV-1. Neutralization epitopes for HIV-1 have been identified and mapped, including a group-specific antigen on gp41, and a type-specific antigen on gp120. Neutralization “escape” mutants have been selected in vitro with a neutralizing mab to the type-specific antigenic loop. The CD4 antigen binds HIV-1 gp120 with high affinity and acts as the receptor on human and simian T-lymphocytes and monocytes for all strains of HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV tested. Following binding to the CD4 receptor, HIV becomes internalized by a pH-independent process. The principle binding domain for gp120 is located in the N-terminal V domain of CD4. Anti-idiotypic sera to CD4 mabs recognizing the same site weakly neutralize HIVs of many strains, and soluble, recombinant forms of CD4 strongly neutralize HIV. Neither anti-CD4 mabs nor sCD4 inhibit the low level of plating of HIV observed on tumour cells in culture of glial (brain) and muscle origin, indicating that CD4 is not essential for infection of these cell types.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary:Planning for health and social services and for prevention programs requires predicting the number of AIDS cases likely to be diagnosed during the next several years and estimating the prevalence of HIV infection. Extrapolating from recent AIDS incidence data, we estimate that 365,000 AIDS cases will be diagnosed in the United States through 1992 (68% prediction interval, 205,000 to 440,000). Both recent HIV seroprevalence surveys and historical AIDS incidence are consistent with the U.S. Public Health Service estimate that 1.0 to 1.5 million persons in the United States are now infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although current estimates of future AIDS cases and of current prevalence of HIV infection are somewhat uncertain, better statistical estimation procedures are being developed, and current surveys will provide additional data on HIV prevalence in the United States within the next several years.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary:HIV infection in Africa is primarily acquired through heterosexual activity, accounting for up to 80% of cases. Prostitutes and sexually promiscuous individuals are at particularly high risk of acquiring infection via this route. In the general population, women between the ages of 18 and 30 years are at increased risk of transmission. The role of cofactors, particularly concurrent sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), appears to facilitate heterosexual spread. These groups represent opportunities for targeted prevention programs aimed at education, increased condom use, prompt treatment of STDs, and reduction in the number of sexual partners. HIV infection acquired via blood transfusion may account for up to 10% of new cases of HIV infection. Children with malaria and nutritionally induced anemias are at special risk of acquiring infection by this route. Early treatment of malaria, surveillance for and treatment of malnutrition, adoption of rigorous criteria for blood transfusion, and implementation of machine-independent, low cost HIV screening programs in transfusion centers will help prevent these infections. As the epidemiology of HIV infection becomes better understood, other opportunities for technologically appropriate, cost-effective interventions will become available and will facilitate African HIV control and prevention programs.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary:HIV may cause CD4-positive T cell depletion not only by direct infection but by causing damage to normal maintenance mechanisms. Findings in support of such a concept are presented. Results suggesting that immune reactions against HIV may contain elements of a negative nature are presented, in particular in relation to viral enhancement by antibodies. A question is also raised whether HIV replication has been proved to be reduced in a significant manner by immune reactions.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Summary:This paper highlights the role of mobilization of individuals and community groups and health professionals in prevention of HIV transmission. It traces the educational strategy employed to reach the general population and selected groups at risk. In Kenya, the general awareness about AIDS started to grow in late 1985 and increased in 1986–87. This has resulted in reduction of the incidence of some sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The importance of pretesting education material as well as monitoring and evaluation of educational efforts to lay the ground for culturally appropriate and more effective health education messages to combat HIV transmission is presented. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of developing the HIV infection programs with the people and for the people.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID