ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Data from a continuing multiyear seroprevalence survey of human T-lymphotropic virus types I or II (HTLV-I/II) among intravenous drug users in seven U.S. locations were analyzed to detect demographic patterns of se-ropositivity and coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Seropositivity for HTLV-I/II and HIV-1 was detected by whole-virus enzyme immunoassay, with Western blot confirmation. Of 1,800 subjects recruited from methadone maintenance and detoxification clinics, 207 (11.5%) were infected with HTLV-I/II. Seropositivity for HTLV-I/II varied by racial group, age, sex, and geographic location. Blacks had a higher (age- and location-adjusted) infection rate (17.1%) than Hispanics (8.7%) or whites (5.6%), and Seropositivity showed a strong gradient with increasing age. Females had a slightly higher rate (14.0%) than males (10.0%), after adjustment for age and location. Among the seven locations, the rate varied from ∼1% (Miami and Baltimore) to 20% (Los Angeles), although the former rates were based on relatively few subjects (47 and 65, respectively). Overall, the occurrence of coinfection by HIV-1 and HTLV-I/II did not occur more frequently than expected by chance.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Seroprevalence of retroviral infection (HIV-1, HTLV-1) in women with different fertility statuses was studied in Gabon (Western Equatorial Africa). The overall prevalence rate of HIV-1 was 1.4% and of HTLV-1, 6.8%. In the primary infertile women the age-adjusted prevalence rate of HIV-1 was significantly higher than in the fertile women (9.3% versus 0.7%) and in secondary infertile women (9.3% versus 2.1%). There was no difference in sero-prevalence of HTLV-1 among women with different fertility statuses, but a steady increase with age was seen. Concomitant infection with HTLV-1 and HIV-1 was observed in two women. In Gabon primary infertile women could be considered a risk group for HIV-1 infection.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Hospital-based treatment for HIV patients consumes considerable health care resources, and for planning purposes it is important to know the hospital needs for each stage of infection. In this paper, we report the results of a national study in Italy on hospital stay for cohorts of patients hospitalized for the first time with HIV-related illnesses during the years 1984–86 and 1987–88. Using the Kaplan-Meier survival methods, we demonstrate a substantial decrease in the proportion of time spent in the hospital by patients newly diagnosed with AIDS (from 49% to 25%) in the latter study period. Treatment with zidovudine (ZDV), estimated only for 1988, emphasizes this trend even more. A reduction in hospital use also occurred for AIDS-related complex (ARC) and persistent general lymphadenopathy (PGL) patients. Possible reasons for this decrease in proportion of time spent in the hospital include longer life span of patients and expansion of outpatient care, as has already been reported in the United States.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The effect of lymphokines on the replication of HIV-1 has previously been investigated using HIV-1-infected cell lines or PBMCs infected in vitro with HIV-1. We have examined the effect of rIFNα2, rIFNβ, and rIFNγ and recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α (rTNFα) on the replication of HIV-1 in vitro in naturally HIV-1-infected CD4+T cells from asymptomatic HIV-1-seropositive individuals. rIFNα2inhibited the replication of HIV-1 effectively at concentrations that can be achieved in vivo. The inhibitory activity was most efficacious when rIFNα2was added as the CD4+T cells were being activated, and less but still considerable when rIFNα2was added 4–96 h after CD4+T-cell activation. rIFNα2exerted a suppressive effect on the proliferation of the CD4+T cells, but this effect was small at concentrations that caused 90% inhibition of the replication of HIV-1. rIFNβ, rIFNγ, and rTNFα had no effect on the replication of HIV-1, but rlFNβ and rTNFα had a costimulatory effect on CD4+T-cell proliferation. Activated CD8+T cells secrete a HIV-1-inhibitory soluble factor. Blocking experiments using an IFNα2-neutralizing MAb showed that this HIV-1-inhibitory factor is not IFNα2.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

An acute infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVSM) in cynomolgus monkeys was used to evaluate the antiviral effects of 3′-fluorothymidine (FLT) and 3′-azidothymidine [zidovudine (ZDV)]. Neither compound prevented the infection despite dosing prior to virus inoculation. FLT was about ten times more potent than ZDV in delaying the appearance of SIVSMantigen in the monkeys. The serum half-life of FLT was longer than that of ZDV and ZDV was bound to plasma proteins to about 60% while FLT was virtually unbound. It is proposed that the in vivo difference in potency between ZDV and FLT could, at least partly, be explained as the combined effects of a longer plasma half-life and a higher free concentration of FLT and possibly a higher intracellular concentration of the triphosphate of FLT.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Two HIV-1 isolates were obtained from a patient receiving long-term treatment with zidovudine (ZDV). The in vitro sensitivity to ZDV triphos-phate of the reverse transcriptase (RT) from both isolates appeared to be unchanged compared to that of the LAV-Bru HIV-1 reference strain. When isolates were grown in CEM cells (a T-lymphoblastoid tumor cell line) and their RT activity and core antigen (p24) production were determined, the level of p24 production compared to RT activity was high; in infected CEM cells treated with ZDV, RT activity was at background level while the p24 production was still significant, thus indicating a dissociation of RT activity and core antigen production.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

An F1hybrid mouse strain containing the Rfv-3r/sgenotype was inoculated with Friend virus complex (FV) and treated with zidovudine (ZDV) intraperitoneally three times daily for 20 days beginning as early as 10 min after initial viral exposure. This strain of mice develops FV-specific neutralizing antibodies that aid in reducing viremia and splenic virus titers but do not prevent splenomegaly and eventual FV-associated death. The virally exposed mice treated with ZDV did not develop splenomegaly or have detectable viremia after the last drug treatment. On day 21, a single animal had demonstrable virus in the spleen as determined by a focal immunoenzyme assay; 57% had detectable virus at 5 weeks, but none displayed splenic virus after 35 weeks. None of the animals died after the 35-week holding period, compared to 38% dying in placebo-treated mice. To detect low levels of the virus, or potentially latent virus, splenocytes were cocultivated with a cell line known to readily propagate FV, and the cells were subsequently passaged four times to amplify replication of the virus. After amplification, a significant increase was seen in the number of mice testing positive for virus. Thus, ZDV treatment initiated early after virus exposure was effective in preventing FV-induced splenomegaly and death, but did not prevent low levels of persistent retrovirus in the mice.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Five scenarios are proposed that investigators and clinicians might consider in the evaluation of an investigational drug for postexposure chemo-prophylaxis. They are (a) safety as the only standard required for an indication for postexposure chemoprophylaxis; (b) efficacy of the drug for treatment of HIV-infected patients as a sufficient criterion for an indication for postexposure chemoprophylaxis; (c) a classic placebo-controlled trial as the basis for evaluation of postexposure chemoprophylaxis; (d) a clinical trial design that evaluates outcome in relation to varying times from exposure to initiation of treatment; and (e) combination therapy. Federal regulations are sufficiently flexible to allow demonstration of safety and efficacy of an investigational drug for this indication. The necessary element is that both safety and efficacy be demonstrated in an objective and reliable manner.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Louisiana is known to be an area endemic for Mycobacterium kansasii (MK). Since MK tends to disseminate in immunocompromised patients, one might, therefore, expect to observe an increasing number of MK infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). A systematic 60-month review of clinical, microbiologie, and radiographie data associated with MK was performed from two major referral centers in New Orleans. From June 30, 1983 through June 30, 1988, MK was isolated from 72 patients. Twenty-three of the 72 (31.9%) were found to be coinfected with HIV-1. Over the 5-year study period, the phenomenon of dual infection increased from 0 to 50%. Six cases of extrapulmonary infection were found among the HIV-1 patients as compared to 1 in 49 non-HIV patients (p= 0.003, Fisher's exact test). In addition, patients with dual infection had atypical chest radiographs, usually with interstitial infiltrates without cavitation. Most of these patients died within 12 months (90.9%). When treatment was administered at all, often it varied considerably from patient to patient despite the well-known in vitro efficacy of certain widely available anti-mycobacterial agents.

ISSN:0894-9255    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1991

数据来源: OVID