ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.2000.10648500

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The Australian rangelands are spatially complex, variable to the point where reactions to disturbance are often unpredictable, and generally uneconomic to rehabilitate once damaged. Hence some areas of the rangelands are inherently prone to degradation through management mistakes. Further, economically optimum short-term stocking rates are often well above what the environment seems able to tolerate in the long-term. Because pastoralists rationally discount future production, it pays them to graze heavily; bur this is ultimately an institutional problem, not the fault of the pastoralists.

ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.2000.10648501

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article describes a method to achieve a more sustainable irrigation industry that will deliver not only economic but also social and environmental benefits. Using a multi criteria analysis to rank the property, irrigators are given an incentive to achieve in the three desirable areas of social, environmental and economic outcomes. It is suggested that introducing competition and appropriate rewards for desirable behaviour will progress the industry towards optimal usage. This method has wide application to many other resource management activities.

ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.2000.10648502

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Despite introducing ground-breaking environmental legislation in 1991 and supporting the theory of sustainable development, New Zealand has not promoted the process at a practical level. As a result, only a few New Zealand city and district councils have tried to adopt a Local Agenda 21 (LA 21) as a ‘blueprint’ for sustainable development. This article summarises the efforts of seven New Zealand district or city councils that have done so. It goes on to review the pros and cons of adopting LA 21 and concludes that while there is now renewed interest in sustainable development and LA 21 nationally, New Zealand must adopt these processes cautiously.

ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.2000.10648503

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article examines the renewable generation of electricity in Australia from photovoltaics (PV), solar thermal electricity (STE) and wind. PV, STE and wind have immense resources and small environmental impacts even when deployed on very large scales. They are the only fully sustainable technologies able to completely replace fossil and nuclear electricity generation during this century. Wind energy is now a low cost generation technology, and is likely to provide 10 per cent of the world's electricity by 2020. PV has found attractive niche markets and has an annual growth rate of 30 per cent per year. STE is a promising technology but presently lacks niche markets to enable an industry to get started. The Australian Government is offering attractive assistance for renewables, although the lack of research & development funding in these programs is a serious shortcoming.

ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.2000.10648504

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The economic values associated with conserving remnant native vegetation (RNV) on private property in Northeast Victoria and the Murray catchment NSW were assessed. Depending on the assumptions made, the net economic costs to landholders of a change from the current situation to a proposed conservation scenario in Northeast Victoria ranged from $113.0 million to $30.9 million. The corresponding figures for the Murray catchment were $52.9 million to $35.1 million. Community willingness to pay for RNV conservation was assessed using choice modelling. The aggregate benefit of conserving RNV in Northeast Victoria was $60.7 million, and in the Murray catchment $75.6 million. The catchment benefits were assessed in terms of the role RNV conservation plays in mitigating dryland salinity and contributing to carbon sequestration. These net benefits over a 40 year period were estimated to be $7.4 million in Northeast Victoria and $7.9 million in the Murray catchment. The three value components, net on-farm costs, community benefits and catchment benefits, were integrated into a benefit cost analysis. The results of the analysis indicated that under most conditions, there was a net economic benefit in conserving RNV. For example, given a 5 year time horizon and a discount rate of 7 per cent, governments could spend up to $29.8 million in Northeast Victoria and $40.5 million in the Murray catchment and still achieve a net economic benefit, provided conservation outcomes were achieved. A publicly funded incentive policy that enabled landholders to manage their RNV according to the conservation scenario would, under most circumstances, yield net economic benefits.

ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.2000.10648505

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:1322-1698    

DOI:10.1080/14486563.2000.10648506

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor