ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02712.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this specially commissionedBJAseries experienced clinicians will be giving their personal and frontline views as to how the practical business of treating people with substance problems is best handled.AbstractIn 1984, outreach to injecting drug users and their female sexual partners was initiated as pan of HIV behavioral research projects. HIV, health, drug treatment and family planning information and services were provided in addition to recruiting subjects to the research program. Such outreach also poses certain problems—especially potential disruption of neighborhood day‐to‐day life and clashes with police. This paper discusses an outreach program to injecting drug users and their female sexual partners that was initiated in New York City to provide HIV‐related information and services. We examine the successes of the program and problems that were involved in conducting outreach to persons who are typically not accessible through formal institutional c

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02713.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the assessment policies of a regional unit established to process requests for entry to several long‐term methadone maintenance programmes. The factors which led staff to reject an applicants request for methadone maintenance were retrospectively analysed from assessment records. Analysis indicated that the decision to reject applicants had been based on the judgement that they were not physically dependent on opioids; other factors favouring rejection included less involvement in crime, youth, and short duration of drug use. Eighty‐four applicants who had either been rejected (n= 58) or failed to complete the assessment (n= 26) were followed. At follow‐up, more than half of the subjects had entered methadone programmes, usually after a long delay. Four subjects had achieved a degree of stable abstinence. The remainder were continuing to use illicit drugs, or were in treatment or prison. Four subjects had died. We conclude that: (I) our criteria for excluding people from treatment were based on the perceived need to keep non‐addicted people from maintenance treatment; and (2) such a policy in practice served to prolong the applicants' illicit drug use and delay their entry to tr

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02714.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the past year there have been several important developments concerning passive smoking including the publication of two authoritative books;1,2two important UK cases3,4which will affect all future personal injury claims for passive smoking and the first successful passive smoking claim for State Accident Disablement Benefit.5Worldwide, the Australia Federal Court6confirmed that there is unequivocal scientific evidence that passive smoking is harmful to health. This judgement is particularly significant for the UK as it was the testimony of two leading experts, Professor Nicholas J. Wald and Sir Richard Doll, whose evidence helped convince the Judge about the harmful health effects of passive smoke. Within the European Community several newly‐adopted Directives7may well require employers to adopt a more rigorous approach to smoking restrictions. In particular, an EC Resolution in 19898requires Member States to ban smoking in all public places. This has been given important legal backing by the European Court of Justice9which may force Member States to adopt the Resolution whether they like it or not! Other measures concerning tobacco products are currently being reviewed by the Commissio

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02715.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA prospective study, including all 1083 pupils in the final year of compulsory schooling in a municipality in northern Sweden, was performed. Ninety‐seven point nine per cent of the pupils were followed up after five years. They completed a comprehensive self‐administered questionnaire including questions on alcohol consumption. Among men a positive correlation between long‐standing unemployment (>20 weeks) and alcohol consumption at the beginning and at the end of the study, as well as the change in consumption during the follow‐up period was seen. This correlation was still present when earlier alcohol consumption and socio‐economic variables were controlled for. In women there was a positive correlation between unemployment and the level of alcohol consumption, but a negative correlation between unemployment and change in consumption. When controlling for motherhood and alcohol intake at the start of the study the correlation turned positive. Unemployment among women did not seem to affect recruitment to the high consumption group. Our remits support the suggestion that unemployment may be a risk indicator for increasing alcohol consumption among young people, particularly in

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02716.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a sample of 1663 female and 707 male Finnish university students in their first study year, the female students reported less negative and less positive consequences of alcohol drinking than their male counterparts. The female students also drank less, less frequently and less often for intoxication. However, the profile of negative and positive consequences of drinking was similar for both genders; 74.6% of the female students and 80.0% of the males had more positive than negative experiences from alcohol. Both the positive and negative consequences of drinking correlated positively to alcohol consumption and drinking for intoxication. About half of the students who had many positive consequences of drinking were not heavy drinkers and did not report many negative consequences. Depression, anxiety, stress or psychosomatic symptoms did not correlate with either with positive or negative consequences of drinking, nor with alcohol consumption. Drinking for anxiety, depression, stress or the reduction of tension appeared to be infrequent. Young Finnish university students mostly drink for the positive consequences of drinking.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02717.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne hundred and twenty‐two college students over a 2‐week period completed a diary of their drinking habits and reasons for drinking, as well as a structured questionnaire about drinking attitudes and habits. Daily consumption based on the diary was compared with consumption based on a quantity‐frequency measure within the questionnaire. There were no significant differences between estimates of consumption based on the two measures, and both measures were highly correlated. The questionnaire was more accurate in classifying drinkers and non‐drinkers and led to better identification of those classified as hazardous and harmful drinkers. Sex differences in beliefs about drinking, as well as differences according to drinker classification, were found. Unsafe drinkers rated their drinking episodes as significantly more satisfying, comforting and exciting than other drinkers and were more likely to drink in order to get drunk and to relax. Their beliefs, attitudes and intentions also were more favourable towards the consumption of alcohol. Hotels or clubs were the most preferred locations for beer and spirits consumption while wine was consumed mainly at home. Most drinking took place within a mixed group or with close friends. Findings are discussed in terms of the relative advantages of both diary and quantity‐frequency/questionnair

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02718.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article presents a new instrument with which to assess the effects of opiate treatment. The Opiate Treatment Index (OTI) is multi‐dimensional in structure, with scales measuring six independently measured outcome domains: drug use; HIV risk‐taking behaviour; social functioning; criminality; health; and psychological adjustment. Psychometric properties of the Index are excellent, suggesting that the OTI is a relatively quick, efficient means of obtaining reliable and valid data on opiate users undergoing treatment over a range of relevant outcome doma

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02719.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExcessive drinkers (141) identified in medical settings who were not seeking help for an alcohol problem completed a questionnaire based on Prochaska and DiClemente's stages of change model. Principal components analysis revealed a clear factor structure corresponding to the ‘precontemplation’, ‘contemplation’ and ‘action’ stages of change. On this basis, a 12‐item ‘Readiness to change’ questionnaire was developed with satisfactory psychometric properties. As predicted, scale scores on adjacent stages of change showed significantly higher inter‐correlations than scores on non‐adjacent stages. Concurrent validation by comparison with subjects' choices of cartoons depicting each of the stages of change and with screening questions regarding aspects of drinking behaviour was moderate to very good. The questionnaire provides a short and convenient measure of readiness to change which may be used in conjunction with brief, opportunistic interventions wi

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02720.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe drinking history of a middle‐aged male was analyzed statistically on the basis of eight and a half years of notes on the number of drinks consumed per day. During the period his average number of drinks per drinking day increased from about 7 in 1974 to a peak of about 16 in 1980 while the number of abstinent days varied between 23% and 54% with no clear trend. These figures are of the same magnitude as published reports on drinking among alcoholics. Time‐series models of intake or drinking frequency could not describe adequately the time‐structure of annual or monthly consumption. Occurrence of drinking was analyzed as a random series of events. The time‐structure of the series was highly irregular and deviated greatly from the Poisson hypothesis which assumes that each day has an equal probability of becoming a drinking day indepedently of previous days. Instead, drinking days were clustered into sprees with an average length of 7 days, high variance and a very skew distribution, separated by abstinence periods with an average length of 4 days and a similarly shaped distribution. The entire history could be partitioned into 286 alternating drinking and abstinence intervals, one day intervals included. The drinking rhythm was very stable: no significant trends in the lengths of either type of interval could be found. The main findings are the surprising stability of the drinking rhythm, its independence of the growing amounts consumed, and the independently varying abstinence interval lengths. Even in the absence of reporting and memory bias, such a pattern of drinking may produce very inaccurate recall of the actual long‐term alcohol intake, if the recall period is short. The results suggest that periods shorter than one month should be avoided when asking questions about alcohol intake, for example, in research on the effects of treatment on alcoholism or alcohol intake

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02721.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY