ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03259.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03260.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn this article, the author reviews research and publications on alcohol and alcohol problems from East Africa. The review reveals that, despite very heavy consumption of alcohol in the region, very little research has been done to‐date on the problem.The few papers available have come from anthropological studies on drinking patterns and the role of alcohol in traditional East African societies. Other studies on alcohol and health and alcohol and crime are also reviewed.The major problems hindering research on alcohol and areas requiring future research are also discusse

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03261.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn Japan, alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related problems have rapidly increased since the industrial development after World War II, and in 1980, 1.9 per cent of the total Japanese population were estimated to be heavy drinkers, while 6‐per cent of psychiatric beds were occupied by alcoholics. The number of women alcoholics and incidence of the fetal alcohol syndrome are, however, extremely low in Japan mainly due to cultural restraints on drinking in women. The ratio of alcoholic liver disease to total liver disease was 10.7 per cent in a nationwide survey in 1977, and high percentages of hepatic fibrosis and mild alcoholic hepatitis were the chief histological features of Japanese alcoholic liver disease.Racial and individual differences in the alcohol flushing response are of interest, and half of the Japanese exhibit facial flushing after drinking a small amount of alcohol. Japanese subjects with a low Km deficient isozyme of ALDH showed a high level of blood acetaldehyde and facial flushing.Danushukai, Cyanamide and Naikan Therapy have had the greatest impact on the development of alcoholism treatment in Japan. Regarding mortality among alcoholics, liver disease, suicide, accidents and cerebro‐vascular disease showed higher death rates than in the general popul

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03262.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe connections between sociocultural factors and alcohol dependence may be approached in several ways. Sociocultural factors can be treated as predictors and correlates extrinsic to dependence, viewed as a disease entity. The concept of dependence can be reexamined in terms of its presumed ‘seating’‐ in the individual's psyche or body ‐ and expanded to include the possibility of seating at supraindividual sociocultural levels. And the idea of dependence can be reinterpreted as ‘culture‐bound’, that is, as depending for its existence and meaningfulness on sociocultural characteristics specific to particular times and places. The paper focuses on the latter two approaches, with particular attention to the development of sociological ‘constructionist’ thinking that views the concept and experiential reality of addiction or dependence as a product of particular cultural conditions rather than as a transc

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03263.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThis article reviews the research conducted during a World Health Organisation study project entitled Public Health Aspects of Alcohol Availability. This project: a) traced trends in world alcohol availability, b) outlined the international alcohol industry, c) conducted pilot studies on the impact of the industry on drinking in developing countries, and d) highlighted areas of potential policy concern. The project overview was given by Alcoholic Beverages: Dimensions of Corporate Power. This report indicated European‐style commercial beverages were being diffused all over the world by transnational conglomerates using aggressive, sophisticated marketing practices. Information on the international industry's effect on alcohol consumption in developing countries was provided by pilot studies on several geographical regions. While data were preliminary, they did indicate alcohol production was expanding everywhere, with trade a crucial factor in several locales. In areas with indigenous traditional beverages, European‐style beverages had supplemented, not replaced traditional drinks. The pilot areas evidenced various industry ownership patterns, each highly influenced by transnational corporations. Special studies were also commissioned, which provided information on roles alcohol can play in specific social formations, such as tourism, agricultural cooperatives, and colonialism. Although the project ended prematurely, before in‐depth research was completed, it documented the importance of international economic patterns in understanding and addressing public health issues in the alcohol

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03264.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryRecent statistics show that misuse of addictive drugs in the United Kingdom is spreading. The present system of legislation, in particular the classification of drugs and the determination of maximum penalties by reference to classes of drugs, is summarised. The fact that almost every minor offender has a right to elect trial before a judge and jury leads to unnecessary expense. Acute problems of drug abuse arose earlier in Hong Kong. Improvement in United Kingdom legislation might be modelled on Hong Kong legislation. That legislation distinguishes between drug traffickers and addicts by reference to the quantity of drug in an offender's possession. Such a distinction could be used to deprive persons in possession of very small quantities of their right to elect trial. Provision is made in Hong Kong for compulsory treatment of addicts whereas no specific power to require an offender to submit to treatment exists in the United Kingdom.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03265.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA great deal of previous work has been directed to conceptual and methodological issues relating to descriptions of outcome’ in studies of career, natural history, and treatment of alcoholism. There is still no consensus even on basic measures of drinking behaviour which would allow comparison between reports, and the ‘dynamic’ of relationships between variables remains obscure. This paper uses data from a 10–12 year follow‐up of 68 interviewed male alcoholics to explore simple and partial correlations between outcome variables, relating both to the total follow‐up period and the 12 months prior to interview. In several instances significant correlations are found between outcomes in different domaines, but the levels of correlation which are reached suggest that outcome cannot be conceived as a simple unitary dimension, while the pattern of partial correlations begins to reveal the underlying dynamic of relationships. Outcome may need to be conceived not just in terms of end points or scores, but in terms of the processes in which the individual become

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03266.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe present study examined the relationship between religious affiliation, intensity of religious feelings, frequency of church attendance on the one hand, and on the other, drug use among a sample of adolescent students (N =2,066). Six drug‐use measures were employed: alcohol use; cannabis use; non‐medical and medical drug use; hallucinogenic use; and polydrug use. The findings indicate that, religious‐affiliation of students was insignificantly related to drug use. The only exception to this rule was for alcohol use, in which case non‐affiliated students used less frequently than did Protestant or Roman Catholic students. Church attendance exhibited a stronger negatives effect on drug use than did religiosity; however, the effect of the latter had greater impact among females than among males. Overall, the impact of both variables increased as the drug examined moved towards the upper end of the licit‐illict drug continuum. Finally, many of the results varied according to students' gende

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03267.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryResearchers in recent years have suggested that control of the aggregate level of alcohol consumption is an important component of a comprehensive programme for the prevention of alcohol‐related problems. The present study focused on the relationship between alcohol consumption and perhaps the most significant acute alcohol‐related problem, motor vehicle crashes. Data analyzed included monthly frequencies of alcohol‐related property damage and injury producing motor vehicle crashes and monthly distribution of beer, wine, and distilled spirits in the State of Michigan. To increase confidence that observed correlations represented causal relationships between aggregate consumption and crash involvement, variance in each lime series explainable on the basis of its own past history was filtered out first using ARIMA models, with the remaining variance used in analyses of the consumption/crash relationship. Using cross‐lagged correlation methods, significant relationships were found between wholesale beer and wine distribution in a given month, and the number of alcohol‐related motor vehicle crashes one mo

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03268.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY