ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02732.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlcohol use has been in Nepal since time immemorial. Social tolerance to alcohol use is quite high and so far alcohol has not been taken seriously either by the Government or by any social organization. Production, sale, and consumption of alcohol is ever on the increase and it could be taken as the number one problem drug in the country. Cannabis and opium use has been in Nepal for centuries and in the past they did not pose much of a problem. Drug use began to be seen as a problem since only the mid‐1960s and early‐1970s with the influx of large numbers of hippies. Presently, the drug scene in Nepal is dominated by heroin and it has affected youths, mainly in the urban areas. A number of measures, both on supply reduction and demand reduction, have been taken by the Government together with non‐Governmental organizations. However, the number of drug users is on the increase. Relapse rate following detoxification treatment is quite high. After‐care and rehabilitative measures are lacking. Many drug users become involved in high‐risk behaviours in spite of their knowledge of the dangers. Therefore, it calls for the change in our strategies which must be based on the thorough understanding of human nature and its

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02733.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious reviews of alcohol treatment research have indicated that in the majority of studies there are no sex differences in treatment outcome. The current meta‐analysis was used to measure the magnitude and direction of trends of sex difference in treatment outcome. The results indicated that women had better treatment outcomes than men in the first 12 months after treatment while men showed greater improvement than women in follow‐ups after 12 months. However, the estimated differences were small and derived from a heterogeneous sample of studies. Evidence from the studies in the meta‐analysis is used to highlight the importance of gender‐related factors which may impact on the processes and outcomes of treatment. In particular, sex differences in physiological responses to alcohol, in social norms for alcohol, and in socio‐cultural experiences are considered important areas for future investigation in alcohol treatment

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02734.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSubstantial empirical evidence suggests that alcohol consumption is an important cause of cirrhosis mortality levels. However, recent research has failed to find the expected positive relationship between consumption and cirrhosis mortality, in both the United States and Canada, when data from the mid‐1970s through the late 1980s are analysed. Although recent studies have investigated a number of possible explanations, this study examines the hypothesis that an increase in the provision of treatment for alcoholism resulted in a disjuncture in the established relationship between consumption and cirrhosis deaths. This hypothesis if evaluated with a multivariate time series model in which the relationship between consumption and cirrhosis mortality is estimated with controls for treatment and the unemployment rate, using data from the US state of North Carolina. The results indicate that with treatment controlled, changes in cirrhosis mortality are independent of consumption. Further, treatment has a significant short‐term lagged effect on cirrhosis mortality, suggesting that the impact of treatment on chronic alcohol abusers may be one of delaying the consequences of such ab

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02735.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA general population sample of 5126 New Zealanders aged 15–45 in two regions was surveyed to determine their use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and other illicit drugs. Self‐reported problems were recorded on identical scales for alcohol and marijuana in order to make a direct comparison between alcohol and marijuana‐related problems. The results suggest that alcohol‐related problems were more common than marijuana‐related ones in the general population, reflecting the fact that alcohol use was more widespread. Within the 17% of the sample who had used both alcohol and marijuana in the last 12 months more problems were reported from alcohol, once again reflecting differences in amounts consumed. Among heavier users of marijuana both alcohol and marijuana‐related problems were more commonly reported than in the general sample. Problems were reported at similar levels for both drugs and the pattern of problems is somew

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02736.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTo address the question of whether or not elderly problem drinkers experience any treatment contact discrimination or recovery rate disadvantages, the programmme utilization and recovery rate experiences of a representative sample of older and younger persons arrested for drinking and driving (OWI) in Iowa were compared. Subjects were interviewed by phone or mail shortly after their OWI arrest and then again approximately 12 months later. Younger persons (18–54 years old) were compared with elderly persons (55 and over and 65 and over). The elderly subjects were also dichotomized as early onset (at least one problem drinking indicator occurred prior to age 55) or late onset (all problem drinking indicators occurred at age 55 or later). The elderly were as likely as, or more likely than, their younger counterparts to make a treatment contact, to remain in treatment and to recove

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02737.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe paucity of research on the treatment needs of women with substance abuse problems has been a serious impediment to the development of empirically validated treatment programmes. Women continue to be seriously under‐represented as research subjects and clients of treatment services. This study compares the characteristics of 80 women attending a specialist women's treatment service with those of eighty women attending two traditional mixed‐sex treatment agencies. Women attending a gender‐sensitive service were significantly more likely to have dependent children, to be lesbian, to have a maternal history for drug or alcohol problems and to have suffered sexual abuse in childhood. These results suggest that gender‐sensitive treatment services may be recruiting women who might not otherwise have sought treatment for their substance dependence p

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02738.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo interviews separated by 12 months (mean) were conducted with a purposive sample of Glaswegian adolescent drug misusers. Across that interval, beginning to use buprenorphine and temazepam were predictable by prior extent of other substance use, especially cannabis and tobacco, and by the Drug Misuse Scale, using selected MMPI items. About 50% of those who had been using either drug prior to first interview did not use at all between first and second interview. For temazepam, this cessation was not predictable, but ceasing to use buprenorphine was more likely the less time subjects had used this drug and if they had never injected. It is concluded that personality and frequent substance use predispose to drug misuse, but that additional factors must lead to dependence.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02739.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhile some investigations into the relationship between smoking and cognitive performance have reported that smoking facilitates performance, other research has come to the opposite conclusion. A review of the literature suggests that this variance in results may be due to differences among studies in design (comparing smokers only with deprived smokers rather than with non‐smokers) and also to differences in task demands. Therefore, performance of smokers having just smoked, matched smokers deprived for a brief period, and also non‐smokers was contrasted on a series of tasks which ranged from repetitive and perceptually‐bound tasks to complex, dynamic tasks dependent upon long‐term memory. It was found that while cigarette smoking had no negative effect upon performance for simple perceptual tasks, smoking was found to exert measurable negative effects upon performance for more complex information processin

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02740.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article describes the methods that were used to maximize subject retention in an 8–12 year follow‐up study of 454 men. Guidelines and suggestions are given regarding follow‐up structure, strategies to relocate lost subjects, and efforts to maintain contact and ensure subject cooperation. Through these methods all 454 subjects have been located, and at the present time an estimated 98% or greater will be completely evaluated at follow‐up. Hopefully these suggestions will be helpful to researchers and clinicians interested in longitudinal

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02741.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY