摘要:

SummaryThe paper argues that there may be benefits from combining the efforts of criminologists and drug researchers in the study of the nature of the relationship between drug/alcohol use and crime. The available evidence suggests that the relationship is probably not a simple one. In particular, the research shows that social, cultural, and environmental factors may all play some part in explaining the relationship. It is suggested that something might be gained by focusing on the various situational factors which link drug/alcohol use and crime. Some help might be forthcoming for this endeavour from criminology which has in recent years developed a body of knowledge on the role of situational determinants of crime. Research from within this perspective has been helpful in informing strategies for intervention over a wide range of crimes and crime settings. In particular, attention is drawn to the wealth of crime prevention ideas that has arisen out of situational analyses of alcohol–related public disorder. It is proposed that further research is conducted which draws on this approach in an attempt to increase our understanding of the micro social processes involve

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03709.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryNon‐drinkers and heavy drinkers tend to have higher total and cardiovascular mortality rates than light or moderate drinkers. The finding is not disputed; it is the interpretation of this U‐shaped curve that is controversial, and in particular the belief that light and moderate drinking protects against coronary heart disease. The British Regional Heart Study of middle‐aged British men has shown that 70% of non‐drinkers are ex‐drinkers. Those ex‐drinkers have high rates of doctor‐diagnosed illnesses including heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and bronchitis as well as high prevalence rates of measured hypertension, obesity, current smoking and regular medical treatment. Over a five‐year period men who were diagnosed as having heart disease, had multiple diagnoses or were put on regular medication had an increased likelihood of becoming non‐drinkers or occasional drinkers. The study suggests a downward drift from heavy and moderate drinking towards non‐drinking under the influence of accumulating ill health. The data strongly suggest that the observed alcohol‐mortality relationships in prospective studies are produced by symptoms and disease present at the time of screening, and by the prior movement of men with such disorders into non‐drinking or occasional drinking categories. The concept of a protective effect on mortality which ignores the dynamic relationship between ill health and drinking behaviour is likely to be ill‐founded. A review of the major prospective studies reveals an inadequate exploration of the nature of non‐drinkers, who are clearly unsuitable for use as a baseline in studies of the e

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03710.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03711.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03712.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03713.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03714.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA major criticism of the hypothesis which states that non–drinkers are mainly a selected group of ex–drinkers who have given up for reasons of ill health, particularly cardiovascular disease, is that such a high selective migration seems unlikely. It is emphasized that ex–drinking status is related to a wide range of disorders although it is particularly marked for cardiovascular disorders. In addition, mortality in middle–aged men is affected most strongly by cardiovascular disease. Virtually all previous prospective studies have not paid sufficient attention to the reasons for people changing their drinking behaviour, or to the burden of disease in non–drinkers. The increase in HDL–cholesterol associated with light drinking (the ‘narrow window’ of protective effect) is small and unlikely to account for significantly reduced coronary heart disease mortality. Studies claiming a protective effect for alcohol are entreated to examine closely the burden of disease in their alcohol intake groups, particularly the non– and oc

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03715.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe article offers a critical review of the debate on policy towards illegal drugs in the United States and demonstrates how discussion of the ‘drugs’ issue there is linked to perceptions of the condition of African‐American people and to the contentious concept of the ‘underclass’. Alternatives to the Reagan‐Bush policies include the extension of treatment options, possibly compulsorily, and pro‐legalization arguments. The links between these perspectives and wider social philosophies and programmes are indicated. Ripples of the legalization debate are now felt in Britain and Europe. The paper concludes that understanding of the social problem of ‘drugs’ cannot be divorced from judgements about wider socio‐cultural conditions and appropriate policies. US definitions of the problem and views of policy are not as yet the only options for Britain. A ‘third way’ is possible between neo‐conservative and free‐market approaches, th

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03716.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThis paper will discuss some of the current legal issues concerning passive smoking at the workplace. Employers who introduce ‘No Smoking’ policies must take care in the manner in which they introduce any rules and the extent to which the new rules affect those employees who have always been permitted to smoke at work. Changing the rules in an arbitrary fashion may give rise to claims for breach of contract. Smokers may also sue for constructive dismissal should the new rules be imposed in an unreasonable manner. But employers who have followed a fair procedure may have the right to discipline or finally dismiss any smoker who refuses to accept the new ru

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03717.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe study used the methodology of randomly allocating case vignettes to a sample of British consultant psychiatrists to assess the influence of a past diagnosis of alcohol dependence on present treatment attitudes. The case vignettes either did or did not include the previous diagnosis of alcohol dependence and the sex of the ‘case’ was also randomized. Psychiatrists receiving the vignette with the diagnosis of alcohol dependence were more likely to rate the patient as difficult, annoying, less in need of admission, uncomplaint, having a poor prognosis and more likely to be discharged from follow‐up. There was minimal sex difference. Psychiatrist with a special interest in addictions regarded people with a past diagnosis of alcohol dependence as less difficult to manage than their non‐specialist colleagues. The implications for education and treatment are di

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03718.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY