ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01518.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01519.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01520.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe alcohol field has had a number of competing definitions of alcohol dependence. The simultaneous revision of the DSM‐III and the ICD‐10 provided an opportunity for creating a standard concept, but this opportunity has been lost. In spite of being closer than before, the new proposals retain important differences regarding operationalization, wording and coverage of the concept of alcohol depende

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01521.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryTwenty‐one alcoholics participated in a double blind study to elicit information of the clinical effect of implanted disulfiram. They were randomized to either of two groups, 11 patients to the placebo group and 10 patients to the disulfiram group. Each patient was subjected to seven sessions of intravenous ethanol challenge, once before and six times during the first 20 weeks after implantation. The acute ethanol challenge did not result in any differences between the groups with respect to blood ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations. No patient showed any clinical signs of disulfiram‐ethanol reaction. After a study period of 20 weeks no significant differences were found between the groups with regard to the reduction in average ethanol consumption, days from implantation to the first drink and number of abstinent weeks. Our results do not support the idea that a 1 g disulfiram implant has any pharmacological or clinical act

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01522.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIndividual interviews were conducted with 726 Glasgow children aged between 6 and 17. Their responses to questions about a set of cigarette advertisements indicate that the majority of primary school children are well aware of cigarette advertising; and many can correctly identify cigarette brands in ‘puzzle’ advertisements which do not show brand names.Previous qualitative research suggests that an adult‐like perception of the imagery in cigarette advertisements develops over the years 10 to 14. The present survey findings add to this by suggesting that many older primary school children have a rudimentary or marginal awareness of the ‘brand personalities’ projected in oblique cigarette advertisements permitted in the U.K.Among the secondary school children, proportionally more smokers than non‐smokers said they had seen the advertisements; and proportionally more smokers identified the ‘puzzle’ advertisements. These findings suggest that cigarette advertising is getting through to young people, and to under‐age smok

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01523.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe availability of distilled spirits for public consumption by the individual drink is taken for granted in Western Europe and most of the United States. However, little is known about the contribution of liquor‐by‐the‐drink (LBD) to overall consumption. A 1978 change in the state law in North Carolina (U.S.A.) permitting LBD for the first time since Prohibition provided an opportunity for a natural experiment. A quasi‐experimental study was undertaken to estimate the impact of LBD on apparent consumption of distilled spirits in North Carolina. Time series analysis for the period from January 1973 through December 1982 found that LBD resulted in statistically significant increases of from 6 to 7.4% in total distilled spirits sales in two groups of counties implementing LBD. No change in sales was found for a comparison group of non‐LBD

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01524.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryFrom the mid‐fifties, Sweden experienced a much sharper rise in male cirrhosis mortality than should be expected from the development in per capita consumption. The present paper attempts to explain this anomaly. No evidence was found for the hypothesis that the discrepancy is due to the increased frequency of autopsy or to changes in stress factors (unemployment and divorce rates). Next, the attention is turned to the abolition of the Swedish rationing system in 1955. Available data indicates that the reform had a redistributive impact: the larger the consumption during the rationing, the larger the relative increase after its abolition. Considering the convex relationship between consumption and the risk of dying from cirrhosis, an effect of the redistribution on aggregate mortality is expected. This effect was assessed by means of a micro to macro simulation resting on a multitude of empirical findings. According to the results, a substantial part of the exceptional mortality rise‐possibly all of it‐is attributable to the redistribution of consum

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01525.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryPublic control of the availability of alcohol has been introduced in various forms in a number of countries, particularly where there has been a strong temperance movement. In these circumstances, public control has sometimes been promoted as an alternative to the possible introduction of national prohibition. This paper briefly summarizes the chronological events leading up to the introduction of licensing trusts in the 1940s as a form of local community control in various areas of New Zealand. Licensing trusts, the promotion of which was partly a reaction against the poor business practices of the liquor trade, quickly gained such popularity amongst the population that many local communities voted in favour of trust control whenever an opportunity to do so arose. The paper also examines the continued viability of the trusts as part of the alcohol trading scene in New Zealand in the 1980s, under social circumstances vastly different to the 1940s when trusts were first established. The dissolution of the Carlisle scheme in the United Kingdom, is briefly compared with the possible future of the New Zealand licensing trusts. It is concluded that the trust concept may have considerable potential for community participation in the reduction of alcohol problems, but liberalization of non‐trust alcohol outlets in licensing trust areas may limit the effectiveness of this rol

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01526.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAlthough the use of the balanced placebo design has been invaluable in untangling alcohol's pharmacological and expectancy effects, only recently has the validity of the design been evaluated. The critical importance of checking the effectiveness of the expectancy manipulation has been singled out as a key methodological issue in assessing the validity of the balanced placebo design. It has been suggested by other researchers that a variety of credibility checks be used for this purpose. In this article it is recommended that a measure of effect size, such as omega squared, be utilized for each of the credibility checks as a measure of the strength of the experimental manipulation. The value of this information is illustrated by presentation of the data from a study utilizing the balanced placebo design.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01527.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY