ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01682.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01683.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe research program at ORI deals with both adolescent and adult tobacco use and is guided by a behavioral framework which emphasizes the role of the social context in tobacco use onset, maintenance and cessation. Growing appreciation of the importance of social context variables, combined with an emerging recognition of the need for a public health rather than clinical perspective on tobacco use, have led to a focus on interventions in larger social systems such as schools, worksites, health care plans, and communities. This research requires attention to the science of behavior change at both the individual and organizational levels.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01684.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA review of the literature pertinent to cue exposure treatment in alcohol dependence is presented. Psychological models of relapse, based on conditioning and social learning theories, are critically evaluated. In particular, attention is drawn to the potential implications for cue exposure research and treatment of an interaction between Pavlovian and operant conditioning, problems with the application of the concepts of arousal and craving and the importance of a systems model to understand physiological responses. It is concluded that no study has so far demonstrated a link between conditioned responses to alcohol‐related cues and relapse, an assumption on which cue exposure treatment is based. Further, the evidence for the effectiveness of cue exposure as a treatment is lacking. Promising research directions are identifie

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01685.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe assumption of a one parameter lognormal distribution in the Ledermann theory is relaxed. Implications of only regularity in distributional farm for the collective nature of drinking behaviour are considered. It is shown that there must be a so‐called point of attraction over which an increase in mean consumption will result in a decrease of percentile point value. The validity of regularity in distributional form and the practical relevance of the Ledermann model is discussed. An example from Dutch data on alcohol consumption among men obtained in 1970 and 1985 illustrates the relevance of an existing point of attractio

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01686.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryParametric approaches to the problem of the distribution of alcohol consumption have not been very successful. In this article, it is shown that regularity in distribution can be studied without making assumptions about a distribution model underlying the data. For this purpose, a method u used with which distributions are compared graphically in so‐called probability plots. It appears that, up to a proper linear transformation on a logarithmic scale, a surprisingly large regularity over time can be observed between distributions taken from Dutch samples in 1970, 1981 and 1985. Equally, distributions from male and female sub‐samples do not appear to differ up to a linear shift. The finding of a relative equality in distributional form is in accordance with the Ledermann model. However, the difference with the Ledermann's model is that no assumptions about the exact shape of the distributions are being m

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01687.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryMen born in India but living in Britain have higher than expected treated prevalence rates of alcohol‐related disorders. A community survey of random samples of 200 each of Sikh, Muslim and Hindu men and 200 white English‐born men, matched for age, were interviewed using a structural questionnaire containing a retrospective drinking diary. Sikhs were most likely to be regular drinkers followed by whites and Hindus. The very few Muslim men who drank consumed the most alcohol on average. The frequently reported pattern of an inverse relationship between drinking and age was found for white men but not among Sikhs and Hindus. In both these groups older men reported consuming more alcohol than did young men. However, age was confounded with generation: heavier levels of consumption were reported by Sikhs and Hindus born in India than by Sikhs and Hindus born in Britain. Among regular drinkers Sikhs had higher average Alcohol Problem Scale Scores than did white men or Hindus. The highest average scores were recorded for the (few) Muslim regular drinkers (who also consumed the most alcohol). A clear association with religious observance was found for all three Asian groups and for the white men. No religious Muslims drank at all, and a relatively small proportion of the other groups who were regular church/Temple attenders drank regula

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01688.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe roles of the prescribing of maintenance methadone and of prescribing injectable drugs in the management of opiate addicts have become subjects of active debate since the advent of HIV. Data are presented on the social circumstances and drug‐taking behaviour of 26 opiate addicts who had been receiving maintenance methadone (24 of whom had been receiving at least part of the prescription as injectible methadone ampoules

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01689.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe progress of 298 heroin addicts treated for different reasons in a general hospital from 1984 to 1987 is followed, in order to know the remission degree of parenteral drug use and mortality rates in heroin abusers, after being treated for organic diseases or undergoing quick detoxification treatment. After an average of 25 months since their first visit or admission, information was obtained in 90% of the cases, and of these, it was confirmed that 4% (11/266) had died and that 6% (15/255) were in prison. Of the remainder, reliable information was obtained from 66% (158/240), of whom 40% were no longer endovenous drug users, while 54% were still addicted to parenteral drugs. The results showed a higher percentage of remission in patients that had been admitted for organic diseases (39/65; 60%) than in those that had been treated for detoxification (30/93; 35%) (P<0.05).

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01690.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryOne hundred and seventy 16 to 35 year‐old offspring of parents with drinking problems and 80 comparison young adults were recruited from a variety of clinical and community sources. Each was interviewed at length using a semi‐structured interview and 86% were re‐interviewed one year later. No between‐group differences were found in current quantity of alcohol consumption nor in percentages who had ever used or were currently using illicit or prescribed drugs. However, larger numbers of offspring had commenced alcohol use in their early teens and had used other drugs in their later teens, and more offspring than comparisons were currently using alcohol in a risky way, more were using illicit drugs more than occasionally, and more were heavy smokers. These differences were not great, and gender and source of recruitment (clinical versus community) were equally important predictor variables. Analyses conducted within the offspring group offered no support for hypotheses linking adulthood risk with years of exposure, severity of childhood effects and experiences, maternal as opposed to paternal problems, or problems in the same sex parent. However, some support was found for the importance of having had two parents with drinking problems and having had a drinking parent who often drank

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01691.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY