ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb03230.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe paper examines economic aspects of alcohol abuse, particularly the social costs of alcohol abuse and the taxation of alcohol. The social costs section reviews the available literature and sets out the relevant costs, discussing how the work could be extended and improved. The next section explains the economic rationale behind the taxation of alcohol and its relationship to social costs. The paper then examines the effects of alcohol taxation on consumption and how this link is estimated. Some estimates are given from the literature showing how changes in the price of alcohol and in incomes can affect consumption. The paper concludes that there is much research work to be done on the economic aspects of alcohol abuse.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb03231.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryFrom a comparison of the literature concerning treatment outcome in general psychotherapy and alcoholism it is argued that there are substantial similarities in predictive factors. It is suggested that therapist factors may be as important in the treatment of alcoholism as in general psychotherapy, and that future alcoholism treatment research ought to be designed in a way which would make it possible to evaluate this possibility.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb03232.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryMortality data may be used to indicate the magnitude of public health problems related to psychotropic substances. The scanty data available shows that fatal poisonings from psychotropic substances have increased in several, but not in all the countries studied. In addition to poisonings, deaths from infectious complications and violent causes are prevalent among substance abusers and the risk of premature death is considerably increased. Research methods, reliability of statistics, thoroughness of cause‐of‐death inquiries, and problems of diagnosis are discus

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb03233.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe role of acetaldehyde in the pathogenisis of alcohol‐induced tissue damage and of alcoholism is discussed. Although there are technical difficulties in the measurement of plasma acetaldehyde, the levels appear to be elevated in chronic alcoholics and this may reflect the reduced hepatic activity of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in these patients. Even though acetaldehyde can form morphine‐like adducts with certain CNS biogenic amines, it remains to be demonstrated that these phenomena are important in alcoholics. The role of acetaldehyde toxicity in alcoholism remains at present not pro

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb03234.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe increased risk of fracture in alcoholics is in part due to their increased risk of trauma, but a generalised skeletal disease may also occur in alcoholics. The exact nature and prevalence of alcohol‐related bone disease is unknown. The pathogenesis is likely to be multifactorial and related to nutritional problems, endocrine and metabolic effects and possible direct effects of alcoho

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb03235.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryRecent work has established on a rational basis what has been understood instinctively throughout recorded history – that excessive maternal consumption of alcohol is harmful to the baby developingin utero.From conception onwards, the risk of anomalies of development (mostly minor) and retardation of intrauterine growth increases more or less in proportion to the level of alcohol consumption. Since much of the damage occurs early in pregnancy before most women realise that they are pregnant, the problem of prevention becomes one for the public health field. All professional workers concerned with women of child‐bearing age should be aware, therefore, of what the facts are and how to help the woman who may become pregnant to reduce her alcohol intake. They have a dual role to play – detection of those at risk and effective counselling of the patients after their identific

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb03236.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe report presents some prospective base‐lines for assessing prognosis in alcoholism of various gradations in the gene ml population, each variable measured at the beginning (Time I) and at the end (Time 2) of a 15 year longitudinal study. It shows an inverse relation between the degree of involvement with alcohol and the time course of the syndrome. Alcoholism as a dependency‐syndrome is confirmed to be a valid working model for medical and epidemiological use. The findings also give evidence that future problems can be anticipated on the basis of a few general it

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb03237.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA retrospective survey of high frequency gamblers (members of Gamblers Anonymous) suggested that, on ceasing to bet, some 30–40 per cent reported significant disturbance of mood and/or behaviour. The content and frequency of these reported disturbances were similar to those reported by high frequency alcohol drinkers on cessation of drinking and it was suggested that in the context of a study of alcohol and related problems they would be labelled ‘withdrawal’ symptoms. Greater disturbance reported by individual gamblers was associated with aspects of previous gambling such as, betting just at the ‘off, or when a favourable price was quoted, being ‘extremely excited’ while listening to a race, exhibiting more than one behaviour out of the following, pacing around, fidgeting, shouting out, and ‘often’ changing his selection at the last moment. The level of disturbance was also associated with the difficulty experienced in suddenly trying to stop betting. The implications of these tentative findings were briefly explored in relation to the conce

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb03238.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummarySpatial correlations for a series of countries in each of three years, and for the states of the U.S.A. in one year, confirmed previous reports of a negative association between mortality from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and per capita alcohol consumption, and of a positive association between the latter and liver cirrhosis mortality. A temporal analysis of the same variable for each of 19 countries gave results consistent with the well‐established consumption‐cirrhosis relationship but inconsistent with the postulated ‘protective’ effect of alcohol consumption on IHD. For consumption and cirrhosis there were 18 highly significant positive coefficients, while for IHD and consumption, 13 were positive and 6 negative, and 8 out of 19 were not significant. These results did not appear to be attributable either to the absence of adjustment for the effect of the 8th revision of the International Classification of Diseases or to the lack of a time lag in the consumption data. The difference in the findings of the spatial and temporal analyses suggests that the association between IHD mortality and alcohol consumption in general populations is dependent upon variation in a third as yet unidentified factor. Such a factor would be expected to correlate with alcohol consumption cross‐nationally but remain more or less constant through time in any given country. Certain food habits appear to have this chara

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb03239.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY