ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb03113.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWhat relationship should exist between research and practice in the field of addictive behaviour? Are the perspectives essentially independent, or is there a necessary interaction? The extent of productive interaction is considered in three examples; (i) detoxification, (ii) stable abstinence, and (iii) goals other than abstinence. Changes are occurring in the drugs being used, the extents and types of associated co‐morbidity, the levels of public and professional concern, and the explanatory paradigms which are dominant; and so it will be increasingly important for both practitioners and researchers to be sensitive and reactive to these changing circumstances. The most productive state for both research and practice will exist when they both feed off, and feed into each other–when there is indeed a necessary symbio

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb03114.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this short paper we describe the operation of a pharmacy‐based scheme operating in Glasgow to provide injecting drug users with sterile injecting equipment. The operation of the scheme is described under a number of headings: its physical location, the policy of selling injecting equipment, the return of previously used equipment, counseling and referral, and, the style of working of pharmacy staff. It is shown that while retail pharmacies may be an important point of contact with injecting drug users it should not be assumed that pharmacy staff already possess the requisite skills for working in this area. There is a need for pharmacists’and their staff to be able to draw upon the experience of colleagues working in this area in order to benefit from a pool of common experience. In addition there is a need to provide staff with access to appropriate back‐up and support ser

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb03115.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMeasures taken to reduce HIV risk by injecting drug users have been reported in many countries, but a minority of injectors continue to engage in risky practices. In an ongoing cohort study, 207 drug injectors were interviewed and anonymously tested for HIV antibodies in saliva in 1989. Injectors reporting recent syringe sharing were compared with those not recently sharing; injecting events where sharing did and did not take place were examined. Those recently sharing syringes differed significantly from the non‐sharers on several factors, including: use of heroin, dihydrocodeine and temazepam; injection of heroin, temazepam and prescribed methadone; accommodation and contact with other injectors; means of financial support and recent involvement in crime; secondary sources of injecting equipment and unsafe disposal; employment of HIV protective strategies; treatment contact with general practitioners; number of sexual partners and injecting status of sexual partners. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of attendance at syringe‐exchange schemes and self‐reported HIV antibody status. Syringe sharing would appear to be related to social circumstances and life‐style factors rather than just individual choices and mot

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb03116.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMale drinkers (n = 45) were asked to rate their desire for a drink of alcohol when presented with the sight, smell and taste of their preferred alcoholic beverage and of a lemon cordial drink. The subjects’level of depressed affect on that day and their average daily consumption of alcohol over the last 30 days were measured prior to exposure to these cues. Both level of depressed affect and log of mean daily alcohol consumption predicted increased desire for alcohol when alcohol cues were present, accounting for 40% of the variance in desire. When presented with the lemon cordial cues only 14% of the variance in desire for alcohol was explained by these variables. Also, Spearman's rank order correlations were calculated between heavy drinkers’(n = 19) ratings of self‐efficacy to resist drinking and desire for alcohol in the presence of the alcohol cues. There were significant negative correlations between desire for alcohol and self‐efficacy ratings on the‘urges and temptations’and‘positive social situations’subscales of the Situational Confidence Questionnaire‐39. Several alternative accounts of these findi

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb03117.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe reliability and validity of self‐report data regarding substance abuse has often been questioned. To determine how best to enhance the veracity of self‐report, three factors which might affect self‐report veracity were examined: alcohol status at time of interview; level of cognitive functioning; and method of self‐report data collection. Subjects were 234 admissions to an inpatient substance abuse treatment unit. Self‐report data were collected via both personal interview on the day of admission and questionnaire within the first week of stay. Self‐reports concerned use of alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana in the days preceding admission. Test–retest reliability for the questionnaire data produced reliability coefficients of 0.88, 0.91, and 0.88, for alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana, respectively. Variation in inter‐test interval had virtually no effect upon reliability coefficients. Interview data were compared to toxicologic analyses of blood and urine samples collected on admission. Overall, this comparison showed self‐reports to be valid, with a 97% agreement between verbal report and laboratory data for alcohol, 93% for cocaine, and 84% for marijuana. The comparison of interview data with questionnaire responses also showed self‐reports to be valid: 90% agreement for alcohol, 93% for cocaine, and 81% for marijuana. Level of cognitive function did not influence the validity of self‐reports for any of the three substances. Recent consumption of alcohol also had no statistically significant effect on the validity of self‐reported marijuana use, regardless of the operational form of validity tested. However, BAC‐negative subjects produced a significantly greater validity coefficient for self‐reported cocaine use (kappa = 0.87) than did BAC‐positive patients (kappa = 0.43), when interview data were compared with toxicologic measures. A similar finding was not uncovered when interview and questionnaire data were compared. An interaction between admission alcohol status and cognitive function was uncovered for cocaine self‐reports when interview data was compared with toxicologic measures. The rate of agreement for alcohol‐negative subjects is quite high for both cognitively impaired and unimpaired subjects (M = 93% and M = 94%, respectively) as well as for alcohol‐positive, cognitively unimpaired subjects (M = 94%), but not for alcohol–positive, cognitively impaired subjects (M = 67%). Results are discussed in terms of threats to the validity of self‐report and strategies fo

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb03118.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAlcohol abusers have suppressed cellular immune function. The aim of the study was to investigate the time of sobriety required to normalize immune function. Delayed hypersensitivity was investigated during disulfiram controlled abstinence in ten heavy alcoholics and in seven moderate drinkers without liver diseases. For comparison a control group of eight previous drinkers was tested. The skin test responses were modest initially with a median area of response of 12 mm2(range 0–31) in the heavy alcoholics and 3 mm2(0–15) in the moderate drinkers, ft improved significantly in both groups after two weeks of sobriety. The responses stabilized after 8 weeks at 74 mm2(54–102) in the heavy alcoholics and after 9 weeks at 63 mm2(42–76) in the moderate drinking group. The control group had skin lest responses of 70 mm2(46–87), not different from the responses of the alcohol groups after two months of abstinence. The results suggest that while 2 weeks of abstinence from alcohol will improve the depressed cellular immunity, 2 months of sobriety is necessary to nor

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb03119.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study investigated the influence of the situational characteristics of the drinking setting and a number of parental, personal and demographic variables on adolescents’alcohol use. The sample were 15‐year‐old participants in a multidisciplinary longitudinal study carried out in New Zealand. Measures of alcohol consumption were self reported amount of alcohol consumed on the most recent drinking occasion and amount usually consumed. All of the situational variables investigated had an effect on the amount of alcohol consumed on the most recent occasion. Greater amounts of alcohol were consumed if the alcohol was obtained from peers or by the 15‐year‐olds themselves, if the drink was consumed away from their own home, in the presence of peers only, and during the evening. More money to spend each week and lower SES were also associated with reports of greater alcohol consumption on the most recent drinking occasion. Adolescents with female friends who approved of drinking reported greater amounts of alcohol, the effect of female friends was most marked in the lower amounts reported by males who had female friends that disapproved of drinking. For amount of alcohol usually consumed, reports of larger amounts of alcohol were associated with more money available to spend each week and with lower SES. Furthermore, both males and females reported greater usual amounts if their male friends approved of drinking; female friends’approval was associated with greater amounts of alcohol usually being consumed, this effect was strongest for males. Sixty‐eight per cent of the 15‐year‐olds indicated that they thought they definitely or probably would get dr

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb03120.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractConditions which promote smoking urges, or desire to smoke, are believed to be important in maintaining smoking behaviour, yet little controlled research has examined acute situational factors which increase desire to smoke. In this study, 16 male and 16 female smokers either smoked or sham‐smoked with an unlit cigarette after brief abstinence during two sessions, one involving a stressful computer task and the other a non‐stress task. Desire to smoke was greater during the stress vs. non‐stress task for sham‐smokers(p<0.01). Furthermore, although smoking desire decreased markedly after smoking in the smoking smokers(p<0.001), even this group tended to report greater desire to smoke during stress (p<0.10). There were no differences between males and females. These findings indicate that exposure to stressors increases desire to smoke, and suggest that such situations may be influential in maintaining smoking behaviour in smokers not attempting

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb03121.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn recognition of inadequacies in drug and alcohol medical education, funds were allocated to all Australian medical schools in 1988 to appoint co‐ordinators to develop and implement drug and alcohol curricula. This programme was broadly modelled on the Career Teacher Programme successfully implemented in North America in the 1970s and early 1980s. During 1989 all but one of Australia's 10 medical schools made drug and alcohol co‐ordinator appointments. Appointees came from diverse backgrounds including general practice, psychiatry, internal medicine, psychology and social work. The present study is a process evaluation and forms the first examination of the programme. Overall, findings indicated the programme to have achieved a 158% increase in drug and alcohol teaching hours, a 383% increase in the number of electives and a 109% increase in student places for elective!. These effects occurred even though the average duration of co‐ordinators’appointments was only 15 months. Implications of these recent developments are discussed in terms of teaching strategies, clinical experience and the inclusion of key educational issues such as early intervention. Recommendations are made for a continuation of the programme and for future outcome eva

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb03122.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY