ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03003.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn Australia interest and skills in alcohol‐related research mirrored the growth in alcohol consumption and its related problems from 1950–1974, but have increased in the last decade, despite a levelling out of consumption. The public debate stimulated by the Baume report promoted research interest, as did the specific allocation of funds by the brewers and the NH&MRC. Nevertheless, research still lacks coordination, is dependent on the interest of individuals, and is heavily weighted in favour of the biological. Less attention has been paid to social research, or to the evaluation of treatment programmes. However with the increasing overall level of funding, the development of specialised college courses and innovative medical school curricula, and the existence of a specialised journal for the publication of findings, the future for alcoholism research in Australia looks quite promis

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03004.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIndian society, which was once a model for abstinence is gradually becoming modernised. As a result of this, synthetic alcoholic beverage production and consumption have increased. However, if one sieves through current research activities from both a medical and sociological viewpoint a very dismal picture emerges. With the exception of the prohibition movement, very few scientific studies have been undertaken. On reviewing the research policies of Government and funding agencies, no consistent theme emerges. Training programmes are conspicuous by their absence, as are treatment facilities. Similarly, work on alcohol in the voluntary sector has a long history focused primarily on prohibition. However, in the 1980s some positive steps are being considered. These include the establishment of the ‘Working Group on Alcohol and Drugs’ and the policy to establish ‘Advanced Cen

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03005.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAn increasing emphasis on the stabilisation or reduction of alcohol consumption levels in order to prevent alcohol‐related problems highlights the conflicts of interest in the alcohol arena.The role of national organisations established to deal with alcohol policy issues is constrained by the need to reconcile conflicts with and between a variety of vested interests, of which major ones include the alcohol industry and government. The structure and funding of such an organisation is an important aspect of its ability to carry out its role.The recent New Zealand experience of the Alcoholic Liquor Advisory Council is considered as a case history illustrating the likely obstacles to implementation of a ‘control of consumption’ prevention p

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03006.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn response to the disjointed manner in which addiction treatment services have evolved in Ontario, Canada, the Addiction Research Foundation has promoted the development of coordinated, community‐based treatment systems. This paper describes the plan of action adopted by the Addiction Research Foundation for the establisment of the treatment systems. An approach to the evaluation of the Foundation's work in this area is also describe

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03007.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA century of studies indicate that cigarette smokers weigh less than comparably aged nonsmokers and that many smokers who give up cigarettes gain weight. Behavioural, psychological, and biological explanations have been offered to account for these relationships but most of these explanations have limited empirical support. A recent series of animal and human studies suggest that changes in specific food consumption contribute to the inverse relationship between nicotine and body weight and between cigarette smoking and body weight. This paper reviews and discusses the smoking/body weight relationship, the possible explanations for this relationship, relevant recent studies, and the implications of the findings regarding nicotine and specific food consumption.It is commonly believed that cigarette smoking keeps body weight down and that cessation of smoking results in excessive weight gains. In fact, some smokers continue to smoke in order to avoid gaining weight [1]. Because an inverse relationship between cigarette smoking and body weight may deter smoking cessation and may even encourage some people (e.g., young women who are concerned about their appearance) to begin smoking, it is important to determine whether the relationship exists and what causes it. This paper first discusses research establishing the inverse relationship between smoking and body weight and then examines possible explanations for the relationship.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03008.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe internal‐external locus of control construct, Health‐Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Differential Association‐Reinforcement Theory, and Problem Behavior Theory all stem from general value‐expectancy theory. Ironically, none of these theories contain a full account of social learning, from developmental process to current personality. In this theoretical paper, these value‐expectancy theories are integrated into a conceptual framework which provides a common basis for understanding the usage of alcohol and ot

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03009.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryDrinking played an extremely important social role in eighteenth century England, and heavy drinking was considered manly. At times, especially during the ‘gin craze’ of the 1730s and 1740s, consumption levels rocketed alarmingly, creating vast social and medical problems and perturbing public opinion. The medical writers of Georgian England had no doubt that heavy alcohol consumption was often responsible for ill‐health and disease, and not least was one of the triggers of madness (and for this reason much health advice literature was at pains to moderate consumption). But was habitual drunkenness itself seen as a disease? Conventional wisdom amongst historians is that the disease concept of habitual drunkenness (which later became labelled ‘alcoholism’) essentially stems from the writings of Benjamin Rush and Thomas Trotter. Scrutiny of earlier writers on the subject, however, particularly those of Lettsom, Cheyne and Mandeville, indicates no substantial differences between their outlooks and those of Trotter. Trotter was part of a continuing tradition, rather than the beginning of

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03010.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThroughout (he 19th and most of the 20th century, liver cirrohsis mortality rates among U.S. blacks were usually similar to or slightly below rates in the white population. After 1955 this pattern rapidly changed and black Americans experienced an epidemic of cirrhosis which greatly exceeded the moderate increases in the white population. Increases in cirrhosis mortality were highly specific to geographical region. Rates among blacks increased as much as four times in urbanised coastal and northern regions and remained low in the southern rural areas of the U.S. Among whites this pattern was reversed and mortality rates increased more in the south than in northern industrial areas.This paper analyses these epidemiological trends with a focus on cohort differences and migration patterns in the U.S. black population. The contemporary distribution of black cirrhosis rates appears to reflect in part, shifts in the political climate of the 19th century temperance movement and the mass migration of blacks from the rural south to the urban north in the early decades of the century. The early 19th century temperance movement was highly favourable to black political liberty thus creating many black allies for temperance; by the turn of the century the political base of the temperance movement became associated with strategies for black political dufranchisement and racial segregation, thus alienating many blacks. These changes in the movement and the simultaneous mass migration of blacks to “wet” urban areas seemed to stimulate a rapid alcoholisation of some parts of the black population beginning in the 1920s and 19

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1985.tb03011.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY