ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01698.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe common agricultural policy of the European Community subsidizes tobacco production to the tune of 1300 million ecu a year (US$ 1500 million, UK£ 900 million). This amounts to 2 500 ecu ($3100, £1700) per minute, and is more in one year than the total amount spent on tobacco subsidies by the US in the last 50 years. The purpose of this policy was to maintain farmers' incomes and adapt community production to demand. Demand for the dark tobaccos which dominate EC production has fallen, while demand for light flue cured tobacco like Virginia has risen. A complex system of production subsidies and quotas was intended to discourage production of the dark tobaccos, for which there is virtually no market, and lead to more Virginia production. The policy has failed. Expenditure has spiralled out of control, production of unmarketable tobacco varieties has risen enormously, and the EC is the world's largest importer of raw tobacco. As a result tobacco is being bought by the community for intervention storage and surpluses of the dark high tar varieties are being ‘exported’ to eastern Europe and north Africa at giveaway prices. There has been no effective monitoring or control of this policy. This paper explains how this has happened and argues that, in view of the health risks attached to tobacco, these subsidies should be abol

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01699.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper introduces the scope and rationale of The Collaborative Alcohol‐Related Longitudinal Project and describes the individual longitudinal studies which contribute to this large collaborative project, representing studies from 15 countries, It also serves as an introduction to four reports of the preliminary findings from the project. The project is distinguished by (I) its interdisciplinary research approach which has assembled a multidisciplinary group of scholars to direct and interpret analyses, (2) its use of primary data from multiple longitudinal studies, (3) the parallel analyses of primary data from multiple studies, using comparable measures across studies receded to a standard format and common analytic model, and (4) its use of meta‐analysis to combine results across studies. Its research objectives include determining the cross‐study consistency of findings of (1) the incidence and chronicity of drinking patterns and problems, (2) exogeneous factors which initiate and alter drinking careers, (3) socio‐behavioral factors measured in childhood and adolescence which predict adult drinking problems, (4) inter‐generational biological and social factors which predict adult drinking problems, and (5) aggregate‐level factors which account for study differences. The method of sampling of studies from the world's alcohol‐related general population longitudinal research

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01700.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe research design and methods utilised by the Collaborative Alcohol‐Related Longitudinal Project are described. The project design addresses the critical need to develop procedures to assess the replicability of research results in alcohol studies. Key features of the research plan include: re‐analysis of original data from multiple longitudinal studies of drinking behavior in the general population; centralization of all data analyses, developed and implemented by an interdisciplinary core staff; development of the research plan and interpretation of results in co‐operation with original investigators of studies included in the project; and use of modeling procedures from meta‐analysis to quantify the relative contribution of factors influencing the distribution of effect estimates across studies, including both methodological differences and aggregate level variables. The final section describes statistical methods for meta‐analysis used by the project, including procedures for the calculation and combination of estimates of effect magnitude, categorical and continuous modeling procedures for use with effect sixes, and random effec

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01701.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMeta‐analysis combines remits from multiple longitudinal studies to describe life course variation by age and sex for quantity of drinking per typical occasion (20 studies) and frequency of drinking during one month (27 studies). There is cross‐study heterogeneity for the Time 1 means of the drinking variables blocking for age and sex. Age distributions for the Time I means are similar by gender within nations; in the aggregate, males exceed females in the magnitude of drinking. Dramatic shifts in the standarized mean difference (M2‐ M1) occur among the young; greater homogeneity and moderate change (declines) occur later in life. Implicated in improving cross‐study homogeneity for M2– M1among the young are interval between measurements, nation, Time 1 per capita consumption (PCC), difference in PCC and the Time 1 mean. Lower unstandardized regression coefficients are found for quantity among youth, but are not consistently homogeneous within nations; the association for frequency becomes increasingly stable with increasing age. Nation and interval are implicated in improving homogeneity. Decline in quantity occurs among the old. M2‐M1, produces homogeneously higher regressions for groups of the young who increase quantity v. those who do not. Linkage of the group‐level and individual‐level findin

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01702.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMeta‐analysis is used to combine results of primary data from 12 longitudinal studies to examine the consistency of results with respect to the role of changes on the individual level in marital status and employment status on changes in consumption of alcohol per typical occasion. The analyses control for the effects of Time 1 consumption per occasion and education. Not getting married and becoming unmarried are associated with increased consumption at follow‐up and both variables are positively related to increased consumption among older men, but only becoming unmarried was related to increased consumption among older women. Becoming married is homogeneously and negatively associated with consumption at follow‐up for younger and older persons of both sexes. Chronic unemployment is negatively related to consumption at follow‐up among older mates and younger females. Becoming unemployed between measurements is homogeneously and negatively related to consumption among older mates and females, but positively related among younger mates. Becoming employed is homogeneously and positively related to later consumption among all groups except young

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01703.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMeta‐analysis (eight general population longitudinal studies) describes the relationships (regressions) between quantity per occasion and depressive symptomatology over time. Quantity and depression are the strongest and most consistent predictors of final levels of themselves in all data sets. Age significantly and consistently predicts quantity for both sexes combined (the general pattern is replicated among males only). Depression significantly predicts quantity and quantity significantly predicts depression for females. Controlling for interval between measurements produces stronger prediction (more consistent over shorter intervals) for males. Depression only predicts quantity over longer intervals and quantity only predicts depression over shorter intervals for females. Explicit control for age found stronger relationships between initial and final measurement quantity, and depression for males. Quantity and depression significantly predict quantity and depression among young females. The relationship between quantify and depression among females illustrates the importance of controlling for age and sex. Methodological considerations are discusse

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01704.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe method of diagnosing drug dependence introduced in DSM‐III‐R is largely untested for drugs other than alcohol. Cocaine, unlike alcohol, lacks clearly identifiable withdrawal symptoms, yet is also considered highly addictive. Can criteria derived from the dependence syndrome concept be generally applied to treatment seeking cocaine users? To evaluate the coherence of the dependence syndrome elements for cocaine, factor analysis models are applied to the nine dichotomous DSM‐III‐R drug‐dependence criteria derived from structured clinical interviews with 399 cocaine users. A single factor model, in which both the centrality and severity of each criteria were assessed, adequately describes the criteria and supports the coherence of the dependence syndrome concept for cocaine. Pre‐occupation was the most central criterion in defining cocaine dependence. However, avoiding withdrawal through the use of other drugs measured the most severe level of drug dependence. Inability to stop using the tolerance were only minimally related to the measurement of cocaine

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01705.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe efficient and accurate measurement of recent drug use is an essential component of treatment and research among opioid users. Urinalysis results alone will not give sufficient information to either the clinician or researcher, due to limitations in detection and an inability to distinguish extent of use. The present paper describes a ‘recent use episodes method’, adapted from the measurement of alcohol consumption, for obtaining self‐reported drug use in eleven different drug categories. Reliability and validity data indicate that the method provides a quick means by which accurate information may be obtained on the overall recent drug use of Opioid

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01706.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe health status of injecting drug users has both clinical and research relevance. In order to evaluate the impact of treatments for opiate dependence on drug users' health status we need valid and reliable instruments which are short and easily administered by non‐medical personnel. This paper describes the construction of a brief interviewer administered scale for assessing the current health status of injecting drug users. Data evaluating its reliability and validity are presented which indicate that the scale has excellent psychometric propertie

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01707.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY