ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03409.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03410.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03411.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03413.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03414.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSix hundred and forty Glasgow children, initially aged between 11 and 14 years, were interviewed twice, with approximately one year between interviews. Children whose intentions to smoke when older became more positive between the two interviews tended to be more aware of cigarette advertising at the time of the first interview (compared with children whose intentions to smoke were negative at both interviews). Children whose intentions to smoke became more negative between the interviews tended to be less appreciative of cigarette advertisements at the time of the first interview (compared with children whose intentions to smoke were positive at both interviews). Since both groups differed from their respective contrast groups before their declared intentions changed, these findings support the view that cigarette advertising has predisposing as well as reinforcing effects on children's attitudes and behaviour with respect to smoking.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03415.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe prevalence of teenage smoking in a cohort of 12 058 subjects born in northern Finland in 1966 is discussed in terms of its social and family determinants, especially in “non‐standard” families (with one or more of the parents absent for at least pan of the child's upbringing). The prevalence of experimental or daily smoking was 67.4%, the rate being 65.5% in the standard, two‐parent families and 75.5% in the non‐standard families, the difference being statistically significant(p<0.001). The corresponding prevalence of daily smoking was 6.4%, but the rate was 5.1% in standard families and 12.1% in non‐standard families(p<0.001). An elevated risk of smoking existed among adolescents who had experienced death of their father or divorce of their parents and among girls who had experienced death of their mother. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and maternal age under 20 years at the time of delivery increased the risk, while being the first‐born child reduced it. Among family factors existing in 1980, paternal smoking increased the risk for both sexes, while more than three siblings, mother's unemployment or gainful employment (i.e. not a housewife) were associated with smoking by the boys as was urban living, and for the girls migration by the family to a town. The results suggest that juvenile smoking may be a kind of indicator of possible problems experienced by the parents and/or the adolescents themselves with respect to parenthood and famil

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03416.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSocial drinker volunteers were randomly assigned to the four cells of a balanced placebo design, with 10 males and 10 females per cell. They consumed a beverage which contained either tonic water only, or tonic water plus sufficient vodka to induce peak blood alcohol levels of approximately 0.05%. Subjects then completed a computer version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in two runs. Compared to tonic only, beverage alcohol selectively increased per cent perseverative errors as well as other measures of perseveration and the number of trials, p<0.05. Results are interpreted in terms of an hypothesised differential action on functions of the frontal cortex in addition to possible non‐specific effects of alcohol. Issues pertaining to expectancy interpretations are also discusse

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03417.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEstimates of alcohol consumption (ounces of absolute alcohol per day, AA) based on beverage‐specific and global quantity‐frequency (QF) questions were compared in a survey representative of the adult drinking population in New York State. Beverage‐specific AA estimates were higher than global (0.72, 95% confidence intervals=0.68, 0.76) compared to 0.49 (95% confidence intervals=0.47, 0.51), although estimates were highly correlated(r=0.75). Discrepancies between beverage specific and global AA estimates increased as the number of beverages and the amount drunk increased. Sociodemographic characteristics were not significantly related to differences between beverage‐specific and global AA estimates after adjusting for the amount drunk; however, drinking patterns did influence the differences. It was concluded that beverage‐specific QF questions are probably more valid measures of alcohol consumption than global QF questions, but that the global questions provide useful information. Parallel analyses of variant global QF questions employed in the first US Health and Nutrition Examination Survey obtained simila

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03418.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne‐fifth of clients attending a community‐based voluntary agency presented for treatment with an alcohol problem complicated by affective disorder, phobic anxiety or personality disorder. A matched sample of patients recruited from an Alcohol Treatment Unit, and assessed using the same stringent clinical criteria, had similar levels of formal psychiatric disorder, except for a small group of women. One quarter of women in this group were phobic with some overlap of affective disorder. Rates of psychological symptoms as opposed to psychiatric disorder were high in both samples and appeared to be associated with severity of dependence on alcohol. No sex differences were apparent in the rates of psychological symptoms. The practical as well as theoretical implications of these findings were discus

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03419.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY