摘要:

Abstract.This month we publish a series of commentaries on oral tobacco which focuses particularly on the strategies to market these products by an industry desperate for new market and new sales.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03428.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper discusses public health policy with regard to oral tobacco use. It notes that in the UK, oral tobacco use is extremely rare. Concern that it might become prevalent among schoolchildren has proved unfounded. Smokeless tobacco almost certainly carries health risks but these risks are probably less than from smoking. What little evidence exists suggests that smokeless tobacco may be less dependence‐inducing than cigarettes. In the light of this, the UK Government's decision to ban oral tobacco products is hard to reconcile with their continuing to permit the sale and advertising of cigarettes. A cynic would view the Government's ban as a‘no cost’ measure to placate the public health lobby and ease the pressure for more restrictions on cigarette promotion. The inconsistency in the Government's approach to Skoal Bandits and cigarettes may be used as a focus for pressure to change in the laws governing promotion of cigar

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03429.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.In countries such as India, there is irrefutable evidence of the dangers of smokeless tobacco. In the USA, the‘new‐wave’ smokeless tobacco has shown that it can rapidly penetrate a market, especially among young males. Smokeless tobacco may cause less tobacco‐related illness than cigarettes, but there is little evidence available regarding the interrelationship between the two and hence the long‐term effect on personal total tobacco consumption. Therefore, on the basis of this uncertainty and also the intrinsic and proven harmfulness of the product, policy‐makers are advised to ban this new form of tobacco use before it becomes established on a market and causes an additional epidemic of tobacco‐rel

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03430.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The argument put forward by West&Krafona that the continued availability of Skoal Bandits in the UK would have led to a decrease in tobacco‐related diseases is not supported by the available evidence. It has not been established that young people take up snuff dipping instead of smoking. On the contrary, most studies suggest that both habits co‐exist. That smokeless tobacco is less addictive than cigarette smoking is by no means proven—it may well be that both habits are equally addictive. The aggressive marketing techniques of a leading American smokeless tobacco manufacturer resulted in the creation of a new generation of snuff dippers in the USA; there is little to suggest that the same would not have happened in the UK and in other countries targeted by this and other manufact

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03431.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract.The modern cigarette was introduced at the turn of the century and, in the absence of scientific evidence showing it to be harmful, it was exempt from virtually all health and safety laws that have been passed since that time. Laws and voluntary codes have been adopted in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) that restrict the advertising of tobacco products. Tobacco manufacturers have used the regulatory exemptions to introduce new or modified tobacco products when consumers became concerned about the safety of existing ones. This strategy has allowed manufacturers to maintain existing demand for tobacco products and create new demand among young people. The UK decision to ban oral snuff is a historic step and will deny tobacco companies the ability to create new demand for a harmful substance among children.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03432.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03433.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03434.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSnuff‐dipping was already widespread in Sweden in the 19th century. After the 1920s snuff sales went down, but Sweden still kept its position as world leader infer capita consumption of moist snuff. Following a major advertising campaign snuff consumption began rising again in the late 1960s. The Swedish Tobacco Company claims that Swedish snuff is a‘less harmful’ alternative to cigarettes. Swedish epidemiological studies indicate that there is a cancer risk from snuff‐dipping, but it is low compared with smoking. Accordingly, the STC claims to “do a good job replacing cigarettes with snuff”. However, an analysis of the trends in tobacco usage patterns in Sweden during the last few decades does not support this claim. The marketing of moist snuff has not primarily attracted older smokers who would seek help in order to stop smoking, but young people. The use of snuff is no prerequisite and no guarantee for a decrease of smoking. On the contrary, taking up snuff must be seen as an introduction to the tobacco habit and possibly a first step towards taking up

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03435.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere is a growing concern within Britain, Europe and North America that injecting drug users may pose the greatest risk of transmit‐ting HIV infection to the wider heterosexual non‐drug injecting population. However, we know very little about the reactions of injecting drug users to the knowledge of being HIV positive and thus are hampered in our attempts at estimating the actual risks such individuals pose to others. This paper is based upon interviews with 26 seropositive injecting drug users and examines their experiences in relation to the following areas: (1) hearing the news; (2) communicating the diagnosis to others; (3) current drug use and sexual behaviour, and (4) perceptions of the future. It is shown that injecting drug users have a wide range of responses in relation to each of these areas and while the implications for their care and counselling are drawn out it is suggested that the fact of this variability undermines any single approach to patient or client managem

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03436.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn a study of AIDS‐related risk behaviour among injecting drug users in the north west of England it was found that 90% were polydrug users, and 28% were using temazepam. A third of all polydrug users had regularly used more than three drugs in addition to their preferred drug in the previous year. Statistical analysis revealed that the use of temazepam and extensive polydrug use were associated with sharing injecting equipment. Significant associations were also found with indices of sexual risk behaviour. It was concluded that multiple drug use and the use of temazepam were associated with behaviour that could increase exposure to HIV infectio

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03437.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY