ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03031.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03032.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The following commentary is in response to the Editorial ‘Drug Misuse and AIDS Prevention. Policy on the Right Track’ by Alan Glanz—British Journal of Addiction Vol. 83, pp. 1237‐1239 (preceding article in this

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03033.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The following commentary is in response to the Editorial “Brain Damage and Alcohol Abuse” by Clive G. Harper‐British Journal of Addiction Vol. 83, pp. 613–615 (Jun

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03034.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummarySet against a background of assumptions that heroin use is inevitably problematic, there is significant evidence of its controlled use. This paper attempts to draw together the literature on patterns of heroin use which avoid physical and psychological dependence. However, studies of such patterns of use are hampered by the absence of a common definition. ‘Occasional’ use, ‘recreational’ use and ‘controlled’ use have been used interchangeably. Moreover, these terms have been defined variously by frequency of use, quantities of heroin used and consequences of such use. Nonetheless, these studies suggest that patterns of heroin use which avoid physical and psychological dependence do exist. However there is a paucity of research on non‐dependent patterns of use. Potential issues for future research are accordi

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03035.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThere are five separate genes for alcohol dehydrogenase in man. Three of these genes code for isoenzymes which have the correct catalytic properties to suggest that they are predominantly involved in alcohol metabolism in the liver. These are the so‐called class I genes. Two of the class I genes also contain alleles which are expressed with variable frequency by different ethnic groups. This genetic polymorphism is reflected in some enzyme phenotypes which have a greater reactivity toward ethanol than others. Thus genetic and biochemical diversity both within and between different populations may be the basis for the unique individual response to alcohol and vulnerability to alcoholism. There are four separate genes for aldehyde dehydrogenase in man. Only two of the isoenzymes are likely to metabolize acetaldehyde in the liver. An inherited deficiency in one of these isoenzymes is the cause of acute alcohol sensitivity symptoms (the flushing response) in Orientals. The aversive reactions to alcohol in individuals with this deficiency may be a deterrent to alcoholis

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03036.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03037.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryBefore/after survey data and beverage alcohol sales records were used to investigate the effect that increasing the number of off‐premise wine outlets in Iowa might have had on the consumption and purchase of wine, beer and distilled spirits, and also the effect on heavy drinker and problem drinker rates. Monthly wine sales surged immediately following the increase in outlets, and the prevalence of self‐reported wine purchasers was significantly higher when measured some 9 months later. However, the number of self‐reported wine drinkers, per capita consumption and per capita purchases were virtually unchanged. Consistent with this evidence of stable consumption, monthly wine sales soon declined again to levels commensurate with those prevailing prior to the increase in outlet numbers. The self‐reported consumption and the sale of both spirits and beer were unaffected by the wine outlet increase. Also the self‐reported total alcohol consumption was unchanged as were heavy drinker and problem drinker rates. Neither the sales nor survey data supported the Distribution of Consumption Prevention Model prediction that the increased wine availability would produce a significant and lasting increase in wine consumption, and in the prevalence of heavy drinkers and problem

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03038.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIn December 1986 the Australian federal government's National Health and Medical Research Council adopted new, conservative guidelines for the responsible consumption of alcohol (up to 2 drinks per day for non‐pregnant adult females and up to 4 drinks per day for adult males), but these have yet to be applied to Australian adult self‐reported alcohol consumption survey data to determine the percentage of the population at risk. Data from a 1986 probability survey of 1,187 Western Australian adults were used to determine the percentage of the state's current drinkers who were at risk (that is, above the responsible level) in relation to three methods: (1) the number of drinking days; (2) the maximum number of drinks consumed on any one day, and (3) the total number of drinks consumed in 1 week based on answers to a 7‐day retrospective alcohol consumption diary. The percentage of the sample at risk for each of the three methods of determining risk was extremely high as analysed by sex and age subgroups. Reported alcohol consumption would have to decrease by 41% if, hypothetically, all drinkers were to drink within responsible levels. It was concluded that attempts should be made to reduce overall alcohol consumption in the state (and indeed the nation) and that due to the demographic profiles of the individuals at risk simultaneously in relation to all three methods of defining risk, that health messages designed to reduce consumption should be targeted at the population as a

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03039.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIntense competition and low profitability in the home market provided a strong incentive for Scotch whisky producers to develop exports. By 1914 a world‐wide network of agencies existed. Exports developed without government assistance and faced few legislative impediments in recipient countries. Religious belief was a more potent barrier than tariffs. After 1918 the international spread of alcohol controls and tariffs forced the Scotch whisky industry to develop a collective response. The industry's response to prohibition in the United States, ‘the scheduled area’, reflected a concentrated industrial structure, lowered the risk of conducting business and simultaneously safeguarded quality. Scotch enhanced its reputation for quality and with repeal the industry was in a position to expand its market share, with government assis

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1988.tb03040.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY