ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb01411.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb01412.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb01413.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe editorial by Dr David Robinson at the front of this current issue of the BJA discusses the Report of the Social Science Research Council's Exploratory Panel on Addiction,*and considers the implications of an initiative which the Report recommends and which SSRC will now shortly be instigating. We believe that this report may be of interest not only to a British readership, but also more widely as an example of a review and planning document which seeks to tackle the internationally important questions of how social sciences are to make their engagement in the addiction field more effective. Reproduced below therefore is a shortened version of this Report: the full document can be obtained by writing to Ms Denise Bates, SSRC, 1, Temple Avenue, London, E.C.I. The SSRC is one of several Research Councils set up in Britain by act of Parliament and charged with responsibility for furthering research and postgraduate training.

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb01414.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb01415.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryPuffing patterns and blood measures of smoke intake were studied in 12 subjects before and after switching to low‐tar (10.9 mg) low‐nicotine (0.7 mg) cigarettes for 12 weeks. Puff rate, puff volume, total volume puffed per cigarette and the number of cigarettes smoked were not changed significantly after switching lo the lower yield cigarettes. The reduction in mouth‐level nicotine intake (calculated from butt content) was identical to the 47 per cent reduction in the machine‐smoked nicotine yields. This is in keeping with the measures of puffing in showing the absence of any tendency to compensate for the reduced yields by increasing the intensity of puffing. In contrast, plasma nicotine and cotinine levels were reduced proportionally less than the nominal yields indicating that the subjects compensated to some extent by increasing inhalation. The average reductions in plasma nicotine and cotinine were identical (30per cent). Plasma thiocyanate and COHb levels were not significantly different after switching to the lower yield cigarettes but the estimated tar intake to the lungs was reduced by about 15per cent. Although the low‐yield cigarettes were rated as slightly too weak, there was no significant loss of satisfaction. The fact that subjects tolerated a 30 per cent reduction in plasma nicotine without loss of satisfaction and without puffing more intensively suggests that the increase in inhalation was not determined by a need to maintain nicotine intake. This and the, discrepancies between natural and experimental switching studies are

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb01416.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe behavioural misuse of low‐yield, ventilated‐filter cigarettes is evaluated in two studies. The first reports the results of interviews with 46 low‐yield smokers. Fifty‐two per cent admitted to having blocked the ventilation holes on these cigarettes at some time with either lips, fingers, or tape. Although only three smokers admitted blocking the holes at the present time, 41 per cent (of the 39 who were observed smoking) gave evidence (by direct observation and by inspection of characteristic stain patterns on the filter) of currently blocking the holes. Study 2 demonstrates, using a modified smoking‐machine assay (a 2.4 sec., 47 ml puff, with a 44 sec. interval, vent‐holes blocked), how much tar, nicotine, and CO an average smoker might derive from the lowest‐yield cigarettes in the U.K., Canada, and the U.S. In comparison to standard assays, tar increases from 15‐ to 39‐fold, nicotine from 8‐ to 19‐fold and CO from 10‐ to 43‐fold. Smokers should be advised of the risks of blocking the holes of ventilated‐filter cigarettes and taught how to detect whether they are doing it. The construction of low‐yield cigarettes that will ensure low yields to smokers requires careful attentio

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb01417.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe results of a population survey in Calvados (France) on smoking patterns are presented and discussed. At some time during their lives, 80 % of males and 20 % of females have indulged in smoking, 54 % and 14 % respectively are currently smoking. Cigarettes are the most widespread product smoked. Hand‐rolled cigarettes are still used by males of older age‐groups, particularly in rural areas, but are progressively replaced by commercial cigarettes. The proportion of ex‐smokers increases with age but the resulting decrease in consumption is compensated by an earlier starting age among young males and by a larger proportion of smokers among young females.The differential behaviour of males and females towards smoking contrasts with attitudes observed in the United Kingdom and the United States, but the recent changes occurring in young females indicate a trend towards a more homogeneous distribution of smoking in both sexes, as in other countries, with its prospective health implica

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb01418.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAn outcome study was conducted with 104 male and 56 female residents of an alcoholism halfway house. Generally poor outcomes were observed for both sexes on measures of drinking, employment, and social stability at 6, 12, and 18 month postdischarge periods. Although a number of differences were found between men and women at follow‐up, sex was found to predict little of the variance when adjusted for the effects of other pretreatment characteristics. In predictive analyses, intake characteristics were found to be relatively strong predictors (19 to 21%) of drinking and employment outcomes. Status variables at the time of discharge were only modestly predictive of outcome when adjusted for intake characteristics. Implications for halfway houses are discusse

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb01419.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe effect of total prohibition imposed in Bihar State with effect from April, 1979, was assessed on the basis of the hospital records of Patna Medical College Hospital. During the first seven months of prohibition, there was a significant decrease in the number of alcohol intoxication cases as compared to the numbers of such cases during the corresponding periods of 1976, 1977 and 1978 (P0.07). Age, sex and urban or rural distributions of cases remained unaltered during prohibition and pre‐prohibition periods. A similar trend was observed in Pilgrim Hospital, Goya which is situated 92 km south of Patna. There was however a significant decrease in alcohol related crimes during prohibition compared to previous years (P.<0.01), and possible reasons for discrepancy between the hospital and arrest indicator are discussed. During the prohibition period there was a 20 per cent increase in illicit trade in liquor. While people from the lower income group favoured prohibition, those from the higher income group did not approve of it. People from both groups got alcohol in the black market. Except for the initial drop in the number of hospital cases, the medical problem of alcohol intoxication was not solved by the ineffective enforcement of prohibitio

ISSN:0952-0481    

DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb01420.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY