摘要:

The uptake by plants of somes trace metals at different concentrations was related closely to the decay constant, I. This means that for a 10‐fold increase in applied concentration, the increase in uptake was close to 4. 93 (100.693= 4. 93). With some trace metals the value of Y (10Y= ratio of uptake for 10‐fold increase in metal concentration was around 1. For generalized conditions the value of Y in the expression, (/ = uptake ratio, for different concentrations and varied around I. Some values of Y for whole plants were Ni, 0.699 with C.V. (coefficient of variation) 12.2%, Cu, 0.468 with C.V. 12.1%, Zn, 0.606 with C V. 31.5%, and Cd, 0.903 with C.V. 10.9%. From soil the values for shoots for Co were 0.855 (C.V. = 14.8%) without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) and 0. 941 (C. V. = 20. 8%) with EDTA; for Cu with EDTA it was 0. 562 (C. V. = 25.8%). with EDTA; for Cu with EDTA it was 0.562 (C.V. =25.8%).

ISSN:0010-3624    

DOI:10.1080/00103627709366760

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1977

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A 9‐kg quantity of Yolo loam soil was contaminated in sequence with (In μg/g soil) 100 Cd, 100 Zn, 100 Co, 12.5 Li, and 100 Ni. Corn (Zea maysL. C. V. Golden Cross N. C. ) was grown together in the soil for 22 days from seed. Seventy‐two harvested plants were assayed separately. Several different trace metals were tested for normal and loge frequency distribution patterns. Some followed logenormal distribution more closely than a normal distribution as indicated by kurtosis values. Two followed normal distribution more closely than logenormal distribution. Some negative skewness was observed with the logenormal distribution, but only that for Co was significant. The yields of the plants were significantly and negatively correlated with the concentrations of Ni, Co, Cu, and Cd in shoots. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that it was reasonably Possible to determine which of the trace metals of the mixture caused phytotoxicity. Some pairs of trace metals were highly and positively correlated: Zn‐Cu, Zn‐Cd, Cu‐Cd, Mn‐Li, Co‐Ni, Co‐Cd are examples. The mixed trace metals decreased shoot concentrations of P and Mo and increased Al and Ti relative to control plants not receiving added metals. The Si was also decreased by trace metals and was positively related to yields.

ISSN:0010-3624    

DOI:10.1080/00103627709366761

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1977

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

An experiment was conducted in Yolo loam soil with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) with single and combination treatments of moderately high levels of Cd, Li, Cu, and Ni to test whether or not effects could be additive or synergistic. Copper and Ni together were more toxic than either alone. Copper, Ni, and Cd were more toxic together than any one alone. These effects were probably additive and may be related to a 0.2 pH change caused by Cu which increased uptake of Ni and Mn. Synergistic effects were observed in the Cd and Ni concentrations, especially in the stems of the plants. Because of these interactions, the effects were then tested in solution culture. In solution culture with bush beans Cu and Ni when applied together had synergistic effects on plant concentrations of P, Zn, and Fe (all were decreased) and on the Ni concentration in roots. Also, in solution culture with (2.5 × 10‐5M)Zn, Cu, and Cd added singly, in pairs, and together, Zn and Cu additively decreased Cd concentrations in roots. Synergistic effects on yield depressions were observed in solution culture for 5 × 10‐5MZn + 3 × 10‐5MCu+ 2 x10‐5MNi. An additive effect on yield depression was observed for 2 × 10‐4MCd + 2 × 10‐5MNi. There were many complex interactions among the trace metal concentrations in these plants.

ISSN:0010-3624    

DOI:10.1080/00103627709366762

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1977

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Cyanide at levels of 50 to 100 μg NaCN/g soil was not only toxic to bush bean plants, but also resulted in increased uptake of Cu, Co, Ni, Al, Ti, and, to a slight extent, of Fe. Either the phytotoxicity from the cyanide or the metals resulted in increased transport of Na to leaves from roots. In studies with14C‐cyanide the transport of some cyanide into plants and to leaves simultaneously with the metals was demonstrated. There was a root, stem, leaf gradient for14C. From solutions, cyanide resulted in increased plant uptake somewhat of Cu, Zn, and Fe. The results have bearing on the use of cyanide as a metabolic inhibitor as well as on phytotoxicities of metals.

ISSN:0010-3624    

DOI:10.1080/00103627709366763

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1977

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgarisL. C. V. Improved Tendergreen) were grown for 14 days in 3700‐ml solution cultures with varying application rates of fly ash from a coal burning plant in California. Plants were also grown in a solution culture experiment in the presence of tiie chelating agent DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) and also in solutions acidified with HCl. The latter treatments were to determine if metals in the fly ash could be made more available to plants. The higher levels of fly ash (5 to 10 g/3700 ml) resulted in increased Ca, B, Si, Sr, and Ba in leaves, stems, and roots. No plants, however, appeared to have an excess of trace metals. In another experiment DTPA and HCl amendments failed to increase greatly the availability of trace metals from the fly ash in solution culture except for Zn. In this experiment the fly ash was the sole source of Ca and plants were deficient in Ca because insufficient fly ash was added. The fly ash resulted in increased Zn, Ca, Fe, Mn, B, Al, Si, Ti, Mo, Li, Sr, Ba in leaves, stems, and roots and increased V, Co, and Ni in roots. There was 3 to 4 μg/g Sn and 0.6 μg/g Be in the roots of plants grown with fly ash. In another experiment, fly ash supplied all the Ca necessary for plant growth without decreased yields resulting from any trace metal.

ISSN:0010-3624    

DOI:10.1080/00103627709366764

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1977

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Barley plants grown in a soil very low in organic matter had higher concentrations of Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mo than when the plants were grown in soil considerably higher in soil organic matter. Application of some heavy metals (Co, W, Ag) resulted in much more severe phytotoxicity on low organic matter soil than on high organic matter soil. FeDTPA (ferric diethylene triamine pentaacetate acid) increased Fe levels in plants much more on low organic matter soil than on high organic matter soil. Low organic matter soil resulted in a lower Cs level from the applied Cs than from the high organic matter soil. Sulfur increased Mn concentration of plants even though all the soil was not neutralized.

ISSN:0010-3624    

DOI:10.1080/00103627709366765

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1977

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) were grown with amendments in a glasshouse in two different serpentine soils from California. These serpentine soils are not high in Ni and Cr as in other areas of the world and the purpose of the study was to define the reasons for low plant yields in these two soils. The two soils behaved very differently. One seemed to have simple P deficiency and a mild imbalance of Ca‐Mg. The other soil appeared to have a severe Ca deficiency, the correction of which tended to increase Mg uptake also, but with improved yields. Present also seemed to be Zn, Cu, Al, Ni toxicities even though the levels of each were not high by leaf analysis tests. Stepwise regression for plants from one of the soils indicated that Cu concentration in leaves accounted for 60% of the yield variation (negative correlation), that Ca accounted for 9% more of it, and that P accounted for 13% more for a total of 82%. In the presence of low levels of Ca, some, at least, of the trace metals were toxic and Cu was one.

ISSN:0010-3624    

DOI:10.1080/00103627709366766

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1977

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The major purpose of these experiments was to determine if Pb uptake by plants was significantly increased by chelating agents used in plant nutrition. The interaction of Pb with some other elements in barley plants (Hordeum vulgareL. C.V. Atlas 57) and bush bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) was studied in a glasshouse with different rates of Pb in solution culture and in amended (control, S, CaCO3, MgCO3) Yolo loam soil with and without the chelating agent DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid). In a solution culture experiment, 10‐3MPb significantly decreased bush bean yields in both control and DTPA treatments. The CaCO3added to nutrient solution decreased the concentration of Pb in leaves, stems, and roots and prevented the toxicity of 10‐3MPb++. At high Pb levels, interactions between Pb and Mn and Pb and Fe were observed, except with CaCO3. In the soil experiment, the yields of barley and bush bean were influenced only slightly by Pb. The Pb concentration in barley shoots and bush bean leaves and stems was increased considerably in the presence of DTPA, however. In the absence of DTPA, the effect of added Pb was very small in the control and S amended soil treatments and almost negligible in the CaCO3and MgCO3amended soil treatments. Application of DTPA facilitated the translocation of Pb, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn to shoots. The effect was dependent upon soil pH. Particularly, the Fe was increased by DTPA at low pH while the effect was negligible at high pH. This was opposite the effect on Pb. The DTPA resulted in considerable Pb transport to leaves and stems at high soil pH. The uptake pattern of Zn and Cu was similar to that of Pb. It can be expected that chelating agents can increase the migration of Pb to plants andincrease its uptake by plants, and hence, entry into food chains.

ISSN:0010-3624    

DOI:10.1080/00103627709366767

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1977

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The essential trace elements Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B in high concentrations can produce phytotoxicities. Iron toxicity resulted from 5 × 10‐4Mand 10‐3MFeSO4, but not from equivalent amounts of FeEDDHA (ferric ethylenediamine di (o‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid) ). Leaf concentrations in bush beans of 465μgMn/g, 291μgB/g, and 321μgZn/g all on the dry weight basis resulted in 27%, 45%, and 34% reduction in yields of leaves, respectively. Zinc was concentrated in roots while Mn and B concentrated in leaves. Solution concentrations of MnS04of 10‐3and 10‐2Mdepressed leaf yields of bush beans by 63% and 83%, respectively, with 5140 and 10780μgMn/g dry weight of leaves. Copper concentrations were simultaneously increased and those of Ca were decreased. Bush bean plants grown in Yolo loam soil with 200μgCu/g soil had a depression in leaf yield of 26% (with 28. 8μgCu/g leaf); plants failed to grow with 500μgCu/g soil. A level of 10‐3MH2MoO4was toxic to bush beans grown in solution culture. Leaves, stems, and roots, respectively, contained 710, and 1054, and 5920μgMo/g dry weight.

ISSN:0010-3624    

DOI:10.1080/00103627709366768

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1977

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10‐5M) and 142 (with 10‐4M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10‐4Mvanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10‐4M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10‐4MAgNO3; at 10‐5Myields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10‐5NCr2O7were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr2(SO4)3was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.

ISSN:0010-3624    

DOI:10.1080/00103627709366769

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1977

数据来源: Taylor