摘要:

ABSTRACTThe cost of studying an entire population to answer a specific question is usually prohibitive in terms of time, money and resources. Therefore, a subset of subjects representative of a given population must be selected; this is called sampling. The concepts involved in selecting subjects to represent the larger population are presented. Sampling errors and associated determining factors are reviewed.Definitions of the research populations, including target and accessible groups, are given. The inclusion and exclusion criteria required to refine the accessible population to a re-searchable subgroup are explained, and an example is provided. The two types of sampling methods, probability and nonprobability, are defined and presented with their respective types. Probability sampling includes simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling and disproportional sampling. Nonprobability sampling includes convenience sampling, consecutive sampling, judgmental sampling, quota sampling and snowball sampling.The goals and concepts related to recruitment are reviewed with application to survey and experimental research. Three steps are suggested for obtaining an appropriate research sample: (1) clearly define the target population, (2) define the accessible population, and (3) define the steps and effort that will be employed to recruit subjects for study.

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responses to over-ground (OG) versus treadmill (TM) walking in tibial limb salvage (TLS) patients with comparisons to transtibial (below-knee) amputees. The participants included five TLS (age = 39.2 ± 10.2 yrs, weight = 91.4 ± 11.6 lbs) and five transtibial (age = 37.6 ± 14.1 yrs, weight = 99.2 ± 11.8 lbs) subjects. A multiple-speed (53.6, 67.1, 80.5 and 93.9 m/min = 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 mph) repeated-measures design was used. Results showed mean increases in exercise intensity (a 3.1-percent increase in APMHR) and energy cost (an 11.7-percent VO2increase) and a decrease in gait efficiency (an 11-percent Geff decrease) for TM versus OG walking.Although comparisons between groups were not statistically significant, trends suggested a more impaired gait for TLS subjects than for transtibial subjects. The question of whether severe tibial fracture patients should undergo lengthy limb salvage procedures, which may involve multiple surgeries, long hospital stays and prolonged rehabilitation periods, remains unresolved. Additional research in this area will further assist the prosthetist and surgeon in answering questions involved in decisions surrounding elective amputation.

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACTBetween August 1988 and August 1993, the Townsend Knee Orthosis (TKO) was used to treat 47 cases with 49 knee injuries at the University of Oklahoma. The injuries were comprised of 12 anterior cruciate ligament- (ACL-) deficient knees, 26 ACL-reconstructed knees and 11 ACL repairs. There were 20 right knees and 29 left knees. Ninety-six percent of patients rated their TKOs as effective, and 71 percent continued to wear their TKOs after two years. The sample was represented by a nearly 2:1 male to female ratio, and the average age was 22 years.

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACTWith careful impression techniques and model modification methods, a custom ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) may be fabricated to meet the requirements of a physician prescribing noninvasive treatment for postsurgical clubfoot care. The impression is obtained with maximum achievable correction and modified using three-point pressure systems that overcorrect the clubfoot deformity.This AFO, in the experience of the authors, is effective in protecting the surgical corrections from undue stresses early on as well as helping to prevent postoperative recurrence of the deformity. The postoperative time in a cast also may be shortened if proper orthotic treatment is achieved. Some advantages of a shorter cast period include convenience for patient and family and less risk of skin breakdown.

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACTResearch was conducted on the efficiency of cable and housing systems for body-powered, upper-limb prostheses. The tension required to actuate prosthetic components was found to grow exponentially with the product of the friction coefficient between the cable and housing and the total angle through which the cable bent. Values of the friction coefficients of various cable and housing material combinations were tabulated. The efficiency of the system can be calculated by knowing the cable did housing material and estimating the total angle of bend between the harness and prehensor. A sample calculation is provided.

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

ABSTRACTOrthotic and prosthetic clinicians make clinical decisions daily that affect their patients' lives and the resources of the health-care system. These decisions are largely based on information gained taking clinical measurements of patient characteristics. Each measurement can be evaluated in terms of its reliability, validity, responsiveness and usefulness in the clinic. Clinicians and researchers studying clinical phenomena must have an understanding of these qualities of clinical measures and the sources of error that can make their data less useful.Measurement errors occur in all systematic investigations of natural phenomena. Neither the advanced state of our instrumented technology nor precision in our procedures can prevent random errors. Thus, it is important that orthotists and prosthetists familiarize themselves with the characteristics and occurrences of measurement errors in practice and research. This understanding will provide the basis to evaluate the impact of error and bias on measures and improve the clinical decisions made when reading or conducting clinical research.

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID