ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Four-bar linkage knees provide greater toe clearance during the swing phase of walking than do single-axis knees. The authors developed a computer model of a transfemoral prosthesis that allowed the kinematics of commercially available four-bar linkage knees and a single-axis-knee to be simulated so legshortening could be characterized.A plot of hip-toe distance versus knee-flexion angle demonstrated four-bar knees are able to shorten the limb with less knee flexion than is needed using a single-axis knee. For a hip-knee angle combination at the time of minimum toe clearance during normal walking, contour plots revealed the four-bar knees have 0.9-3.2 cm greater toe clearance than do single-axis knees.

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Clinical evaluation and assessment of a patients orthotic or prosthetic needs is largely a posteducation skill that develops and improves with experience. Unfortunately, evaluating and assessing a patients needs has not traditionally been included in the formal education of most O&P practitioners. Until recently, it truly was a skill practitioners had to develop with clinical experience. However, the O&P professional practicing in todays healthcare environment is called upon to render and document specific recommendations for O&P care. Since O&P is both a clinical and technical science, a practitioners procedures for assessing, evaluating and documenting must be sufficient to appropriately determine a patients specific need for O&P services. The process a practitioner uses to clinically assess and evaluate a patients needs must justify the need for O&P services. This article addresses the key elements of the clinical assessment and evaluation of a patient needed for the documentation and justification of O&P services.

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Measurement refers to the assessment, estimation, observation, evaluation, appraisal or judgment of an event. Measurement in research (also considered a dependent variable) is the process of assigning numerals to objects to represent quantities of characteristics according to certain rules. Those involved in conducting a study must choose the most appropriate measurement scale. A study should contain one or more scales of measurement that meet the logical requirements of measurement. The least powerful measurement scale is the nominal scale, which consists of descriptive variables in no particular order. By contrast, ordinal scales have all of the requirements of nominal scales but also have the property of order. Nominal and ordinal scales usually are subject to the less powerful statistical tests such as the chi-square or the Mann–Whitney U tests. Interval and ratio scales are much more powerful than are nominal and ordinal scales because the variables provide more information about the phenomenon of interest. Parametric tests such as the t–test or AN OVA can be used for interval and ratio scales. When conducting an experiment, researchers must take steps to ensure the statistical test is reliable and valid, minimize error and biases, and use measures that are precise and accurate. Accomplishing such tasks usually requires a multidisciplinary research team but can be done by the single researcher. Orthotic and prosthetic practitioners should become more involved in this type of research, using a multidisciplinary approach, since physicians are currently less active in O&P research than they were in the past.

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Laboratory instrumentation of orthoses and prostheses can be used to objectively assess the functional differences between various componentry designs and to measure the effect of an orthosis or prosthesis on the outcome of treatment. This article describes the electromechanical transducers and instrumentation systems that may be used to accomplish these tasks. The transducers are grouped in the following categories: stress and strain, linear and angular displacement, acceleration, force, pressure, temperature and humidity. Examples of transducer applications, instrumentation selection and integration are described.

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this article is to present the concepts involved in analyzing parametric data. The word parametric, or parameter, relates to the nature of data, i.e., the assumptions about particular data. The primary assumptions are that the data are randomly drawn, that the population is normally distributed and that there is homogeneity among variances. Parametric tests are more stringent than nonparametric tests, and the results tend to be more powerful. Theory concerning hypothesis testing is reviewed, and the distinction is made between the null and alternative hypotheses. The null hypothesis assumes no difference exists between two devices being tested while the alternative assumes a difference. The goal of the statistical test is to accept or reject the null hypothesis. However, it can be difficult to choose the correct statistical test to apply to the data. The most frequently applied statistical tests are the t-test and the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Two types of {.-tests (independent and paired) and the one-way ANOVA are discussed with examples. Since a proliferation of statistical software packages are now available to perform calculations, the reader is encouraged to focus on learning which test to apply rather than on unwieldy mathematical equations. Reading about or conducting statistical tests can be frustrating. Nevertheless, to aid in the growth of O&P research, the authors encourage readers planning to conduct or read research to consider the views presented in this article on parametric testing and those that will be presented in a future article on nonparametric testing.

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8800    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1996

数据来源: OVID