摘要:

Observations in bowel‐related joint diseases give support to this hypothesis. In Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the bowel wall inflammation is complicated in about 20% of the patients by joint inflammation. Bowel infection bySalmonella, ShigellaandYersiniacan provoke joint inflammation and supports an etiological link between bowel bacteria and arthritis. The arthropathic properties of the most abundant group of intestinal bacteria, i.e. the obligate anaerobic bacteria, were studied in an animal model. Cell wall fragments (CWF), with peptidoglycan as the major component, from someEubacteriumandBifidobacteriumspecies induced a severe chronic polyarthritis in Lewis rats after a single intraperitoneal injection.Eubacteriumwas found in numbers of 108‐109per gram in stools of healthy subjects and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. CWF of isolated strains ofE. aerofacienswere arthropathic. Soluble peptidoglycan polysaccharide complexes (PG‐PS) originating from the obligate anaerobic flora were purified from human intestinal contents. PG‐PS from ileostomy fluid that proved to be less processed by intestinal enzymes induced chronic arthritis in rats after a single administration in oil in the base of the tail. It was concluded that the human intestinal bowel contains soluble bacterial cell wall products that are arthropathic in an animal model. Peptidoglycan (PG) or its subunits was reported to be present in mammalian tissues. Immunohistochemical studies from our group showed the presence of intestinal PG‐PS in sections of normal rat spleen. Bacterial cell wall or PG‐induced joint inflammation in rats is proven to be absolutely dependent on functional T cells. T‐cell lines were isolated from the lymph nodes of rats with anE. aerofaciensCWF arthritis. A helper T‐cell line B13 wasin vivoarthritogenic in knee or ankle joints upon intravenous injection in rats and proliferatedin vitroon syngeneic spleen cells alone, but was additionally stimulated by intestinal PG‐PS andE. aerofaciensCWF. It was postulated that the arthritogenic T cells that seem to be autoreactive are, in fact, recognizing bacterial PG‐PS on antigen‐presenting cells (APC). It is generally accepted that RA is a T‐cell‐dependent process and that therefore the reaction is directed at small peptides bound by the major histocompatibility complex of APC. The only peptides present in arthritis inducing intestinal PG‐PS and in CWF are PG peptides interlinking the sugar chains. We feel that the immunoreaction against PG peptides plays a pivotal role in experimental and human arthr

ISSN:0903-4641    

DOI:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1992.tb00833.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We have followed for 33 months the changes that occurred in natural killer (NK) cell numbers and activity in a patient (A) with hairy cell leukaemia (HCL), using a single cell assay and a microcytotoxicity assay. The composition of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population and malignant cell phenotype were also analysed. During this period he received treatment with interferon and his grossly enlarged spleen was removed. Four further patients were also studied, two were splenectomized and all had received treatment with interferon. In four of the five patients studied there was an apparent link between low NK activity and presence of a tumour‐infiltrated spleen, and in the fifth patient, who was aleukemic and had no splenomegaly, NK function was related to disease activity. There was no correlation between NK activity and the number of target binding (TB) cells in these five patients. IFN had little direct effect on overall NK activity, but the proportion of killing cells among TB cells was increased. Three patients showed binding of several cells to a single target. Further analysis revealed that in the patients most of the TB cells were not CD56‐positive NK cells, in contrast to TB cells from normal subjects. In patient A a large proportion (84%) of TB cells were identified as malignant cells and in patient E 15% of TB cells were malignant cells. The phenotype of the malignant cells was: CD19 +, HLA‐DR + and CD25(Tac) +, except for patient A. In this patient the hairy cells were positive for the NK marker CD56 as well as the monocyte marker CD14. Furthermore, a change occurred in phenotype as only later samples carried CD25. It is concluded that the level of NK function correlates closely with disease activity in HCL and that competitive target cell binding by malignant cells may be one cause of depressed NK‐cell function in hairy cell le

ISSN:0903-4641    

DOI:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1992.tb00834.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To investigate the nature of plasminogen binding to streptococci, strains selected for high reactivity with human plasminogen were examined for binding pattern against a panel of plasminogen fragments. The strains included human isolates of groups A, C and G as well as bovine isolates of group G. All strains reacted substantially with the plasminogen fragment kringle 1–3. Using the miniplasminogen fragment (kringle 5 and the B chain) a small but reproducible uptake was detected for human group G strains but not for group A or C strains. The group G strains of bovine origin on the other hand demonstrated high uptake of miniplasminogen, suggesting the possibility of an alternative plasminogen receptor for this species. This interpretation was supported by blocking experiments with the lysine analogue EACA where low concentrations (1 mM) completely blocked plasminogen binding to human streptococci, whereas a 100‐fold higher concentration was needed for bovine group G strains. Scatchard plots with human isolates resulted in straight lines and Kdvalues were generally in the range of 20–80 nM. The number of receptors was estimated to be 45,000 for a selected group A strain and about 10,000 for the selected group C and G strains. Scatchard analysis with bovine group G isolates on the other hand revealed a two phase interaction, supporting the assumption of two different receptor structures on these strains. Kdfor the first phase was estimated to be about 20 nM (10,000–20,000 receptors per bacterium), which was similar to the human strains, whereas the second phase was in the range of 400–500 nM (50,000 and 150,000 receptors per bacterium with two selected strains). Scatchard plots with the miniplasminogen fragment as ligand mimicked the phase two reaction with plasminogen, supporting the concept that this reaction represents a new and not previously described receptor. Both the receptor reacting with the kringle 1–3 portion and the one reacting with the miniplasminogen portion bound plasmin and plasminogen with simil

ISSN:0903-4641    

DOI:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1992.tb00835.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A three‐dimensional and morphological study of the human JGA was undertaken to establish a background for understanding the changes in this vital apparatus during various physiological and pathological conditions. Three‐dimensional reconstruction was carried out using a computer program “GLOM”. Serial sections of normal human kidneys were used after staining with specific human renin antiserum. Three‐dimensional reconstruction revealed renin‐positive cells in the afferent and efferent arterioles and interlobular arteries away from the JGA area. A close contact was demonstrated between renin‐positive cells and the macula densa. The frequency of positively stained JGAs was significantly higher in the superficial glomeruli compared to the deep glomeruli. The high renin content of the superficial glomeruli suggests higher generation of angiotensin, which may contribute to the regulation of the GFR as proposed by other workers. This preliminary study on normal human JGA is to be extended to hypertensive and renal fai

ISSN:0903-4641    

DOI:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1992.tb00836.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An indirect immunoperoxidase technique was used to examine the distribution of foetal antigen 2 (FA2), a recently described basement membrane (BM)‐associated antigen, in invasive breast carcinoma (n = 34), fibroadenoma (n = 5) and normal breast tissue (n = 5), and to compare its distribution with that of laminin and collagen type IV. In normal breast tissue, FA2 was detected in the intralobular stroma as a broad band around acini and ducts, but was not present in the interlobular stroma. In areas of carcinomain situ, FA2 was present diffusely around and in close contact with the glandular elements, the staining being more intense than that found around normal glandular structures. Two distinct patterns of FA2 distribution were found in adenocarcinomas of the breast. In the fibroblast reaction type, fibroblast staining dominated, whilst in the stromal reaction type, intense and extensive staining of the surrounding stroma dominated. Significant correlation was found between the degree of fibroblast activity and the degree of anaplasia (p=0.005). FA2 extracted from breast carcinoma tissue was shown to be immunologically identical to FA2 fractions extracted from second trimester amniotic fluid (AF). The Mr of FA2 isolated from AF was estimated to be 26 kD, whereas the Mr of FA2 extracted from breast carcinoma tissue was slightly higher. The apparent Mr under reducing conditions were higher and three bands ranging from 26 to 29 kD were seen. FA2 was found to be immunologically distinct from collagen types I, III and IV, laminin, fibronectin and fibrinogen. The increased production and widespread distribution of FA2 in breast carcinomas suggest that FA2 is involved in the stromal changes which occur in response to tumour growth and/or invasio

ISSN:0903-4641    

DOI:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1992.tb00837.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The regulatory characteristics of aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ACTase EC 2.1.3.2) from various species ofNeisseriaandBranhamellahave been compared. Great differences in the regulatory nature of the enzymes were observed. ATP and GTP were positive effectors inNeisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeaeand nine other coccal “true neisseriae” species. In four “false neisseriae” species, includingBranhamella catarrhalis, no stimulating effect of ATP or GTP was observed. The rod‐shapedN. elongatabehaved as the “false neisseriae” in these respects, despite its taxonomic affinity to the coccal “true neisseriae” species. Except inN. meningitidisandN. lactamica, CTP had no distinct stimulatory effect. CTP had a strong inhibitory effect on ACTases from N. elongata and the “false neisseriae” speciesN. caviaeandB. catarrhalis., The inhibitory effect of CTP was weak inN. cinerea, N. denitrificans, and the “false neisseriae” speciesN. ovisandN. cuniculi.Thus, there was no sharp reflection of taxonomy in the regulation of ACTase by CTP in these groups of bacteria. The apparent [S]0.5values for aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate, displayed for five of the eighteen species, showed great variability with [S]0.5values for aspartate ranging from 6 to 34, and for carbamoyl phosphate from 2 to 9. Treatment of the enzyme from the main test microbeN. meningitidisstrain Ml by heat or para‐chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB) showed that both the catalytic and the regulatory functions decreased in parallel as in the class A enzymes found in species ofPseudomonas.An estimation of the molecular weight (Mr) of the ACTase enzyme fromN. meningitidisshowed it to be about 295,000, which resembles the class B enzymes fou

ISSN:0903-4641    

DOI:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1992.tb00838.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A murine monoclonal antibody raised against the a antigen of the group B streptococcal c proteins was analysed by immunofluorescence and whole‐cell ELISA against a collection of 22 c protein‐producing GBS. All the strains showing fluorescence and reactivity in ELISA turned out to be a antigen‐carrying strains as defined by polyclonal rabbit antisera, while none of the strains producing only the p antigen was positive. Western blot analyses of the a antigen released into the culture medium of growing bacteria suggest that the a antigen is present as distinct proteins of variable molecular weights. The upper limit of the molecular weights varies considerably from one strain to another, from approximately 200 kD to 70 kD. With all strains, the bands seen by the MAb occurred at regularly spaced intervals of about 10 kD throughout the gel. Some strains gave rise to 15–16 bands, while others gave rise to only one or two bands. The present investigation suggests that α antigens include several, probably identical, repeating subunits of approximately 10 kD. The epitope recognized by the MAb seems to be located on a 10‐kD fragment, and in addition, it appears to be surface located, making the MAb a suitable tool in serodiagn

ISSN:0903-4641    

DOI:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1992.tb00839.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Discrimination between different types of germ cell tumours may be difficult in routine histological preparations. Additionally, none of the established immunohistochemical markers is completely reliable in diagnosis of embryonal carcinoma. A pilot study indicated that monoclonal antibody 43‐ 9F ‐ a marker of carcinoma‐in‐situ germ cells ‐ may also react with embryonal carcinoma of the testis. In order to elucidate the applicability of 43‐9F in diagnosis of embryonal carcinoma, 42 consecutive testicular germ cell tumours were tested immunohistochemically. Among the 42 tumours, 23 were seminomas and 19 were non‐seminomas with seminomatous components in seven of them. Embryonal carcinomas were found in 15 tumours, two being of pure type and the remaining 13 a part of mixed tumours. Additionally, the material included 11 teratomas, nine yolk sac tumours and one choriocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical stainings were performed with 43‐9F and additionally with antibodies against placental‐like alkaline phosphatase, cytokeratins, alpha‐foetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin. Using 43‐9F a strong colour reaction was found in 13 of the embryonal carcinomas, whereas the reaction was moderate in the remaining two cases. A weak positive reaction was found in six seminomas and the remaining 24 did not react at all. 43‐9F exhibited a positive reaction in four of 11 teratomas. The reactivity was generally weak with some focal areas with strong staining. In five cases the yolk sac tumour elements did not stain with this monoclonal antibody. The reaction was weak in three cases and in only one case was the staining intensity scored as moderate. Finally, no reaction was found in the choriocarcinoma element. Compared to the other antibodies tested, including the antibody against cytokeratins, in embryonal carcinoma immunohistochemical staining with 43‐9F was more specific, stronger and more constantly expressed. The monoclonal antibody 43‐9F may be of value in histological diagnosis of germ cell tumours. Additionally, the study confirmed the pathogenetical link between pre‐invasive carcinomai

ISSN:0903-4641    

DOI:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1992.tb00840.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0903-4641    

DOI:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1992.tb00841.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An experimental system has been established to understand the poor interleukin‐2 (I1‐2) production by activated thymocytes. This model system is further characterized here and studies were done on the possible mechanism(s) involved. Thymocytes activated by Concanavalin‐A (Con‐A), or through the CD3 complex of the T‐cell receptor (TCR), inhibit 95–99% of the I1‐2 production by spleen cells, while thymocytes stimulated by rI1‐2 or lipopolyssacharides (LPS) do not. The mechanism of inhibition is not due to production of soluble factors, consumption of available interleukin‐1 (I1‐1) or I1‐2, but is dependent on cell‐to‐cell contact. Although cellular contact is needed, cytotoxicity is not involved. Prostaglandin production is not required for the generation or exertion of the inhibitory activity. Protein and DNA synthesis are necessary for exertion of the suppressive effect. We also demonstrate a genetic difference between different mouse strains in the ability to generate the inhibitory thymocytes. Activated Balb/c thymocytes inhibit spleen cells' I1‐2 production in a non‐MHC‐restricted manner. Our studies demonstrate a regulatory capacity of activated thymocytesin vitro.This ability of the postnatal cells could be of relevance for understanding the later events in T‐cell education in the thymus and the

ISSN:0903-4641    

DOI:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1992.tb00842.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY