摘要:

SummaryA review of the development of Lamarck's ideas on biological systematics with special reference to the origin and development of his concept of organic evolution. Lamarck's development towards biological systematics is traced through his early botanical and geological writings and related to the gradual change in his scientific outlook from a static and essentialist view of nature towards a dynamic and positivist concept of the life sciences as a special discipline. This development is seen against the background of the general cultural developments during the course of his life.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1218244

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryOne of the major facets in the development of botany in America during the latter part of the eighteenth and the early portion of the nineteenth century was the preparation of private pressed plant collections or herbaria. When these herbaria were no longer needed by their owners, they were either given or bequeathed to a public institution, sold privately, or auctioned publicly. The first known public auction of a private herbarium in America occurred in Philadelphia on the 3rd of June 1833. Owned by the late Zaccheus Collins, well‐known Quaker philanthropist and botanist, this herbarium included (1) plants Collins collected in New Jersey and Pennsylvania and plants from various parts of the United States obtained by exchange with his friends, (2) an extensive collection of exotic plants, and (3) the entire herbarium of the late William Baldwin. At the auction the first two parts were acquired by the executor of the estate, and the latter was purchased by Daniel Steinhauer for the Rev. Lewis David von Schweinitz. In amalgamating the Baldwin plants with his own, Schweinitz replaced the original data with a cryptic notation for each specimen, thereby creating problems for future botanists. Schweinitz's herbarium was bequeathed to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. That portion of Collins' herbarium belonging to the executor was later acquired by C. S. Rafinesque as a partial settlement of a claim Rafinesque had against the Collins estate. After Rafinesque's death, Elias Durand purchased the Rafinesque herbarium. Durand selected out Collins' plants and discarded most of Rafinesque's own plants. Collins' plants evidently formed a large part of Durand's herbarium which he gave to the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, where it remains today as a separate collection. A summary of the numbers of taxa described from specimens in Baldwin's and Collin's herbaria as determined from major selected publications are eight described by Baldwin himself, 109 described from Baldwin's specimens by other botanists, and 103 described from specimens in Collins' herbarium by Rafinesque.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1218245

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryLike many other 18th century natural history works produced primarily for their coloured copper‐plate illustrations, this was published in instalments a few plates at a time, and the relevant text was not issued simultaneously. In consequence publication should not be quoted as consisting of three volumes, but as 188 (nominally, 190) plates published between 1750 and 1792 with text published in 1756, 1768 (? late 1767), 1772 and 1786. The dates of engraving the plates are given, where available.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1218246

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryUsing paper chromatography, phenolic pigment profiles were established for each of 160 plants representing three species and various intermediate (“hybrid”) forms ofTiarella(Saxifragaceae). The 160 plants included two collections of 80 plants each, one collection made on July 13, the other on August 10 (1969). All plants were collected during anthesis from a sympatric population.The similarities of pigment profiles were determined by computer programming and were used as measurements of interspecific, intraspecific, and intraindividual variation, the latter represented by phenolic changes which occurred between collection dates. Consideration has been given to various phenomenona which might have induced intraindividual variation and its genetic regulation and application to systematics have been emphasized.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1218247

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryMorphological, taxonomic, and field observations on the ecology of the monotypic narrowly endemic genusGeocarponin southeastern Arkansas are presented, and the presence of anthocyanin pigments is demonstrated in plants ofGeocarpon minimum, providing further support for its placement in the Caryophyllaceae rather than in the Aizoaceae to which it was originally assigned.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1218248

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryFirst reports of chromosome numbers in the following families of Annoniflorae, suborder Laurineae, are presented: Gomortegaceae (Gomortega nitida, 2n = 24), Gyrocarpaceae (Gyrocarpus americanus, n= 15), and Lactoridaceae (Lactoris fernandeziana, 2n =c. 40). For Monimiaceae, the most important basic number for subfamily Monimioideae isx= 19, while other numbers must be confirmed. The recently segregated Siparunaceae and Atherospermataceae havex= 22. Further chromosomal work in Monimiaceae s. lat. is strongly urged.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1218249

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA detailed chromosome study has been made of 58 species in 30 genera of the tropical familyMeliaceae. The results largely confirm observations, by other investigators on similar tropical woody groups, that high chromosome numbers are common and that polyploidy is a frequent phenomenon. Although the chromosomes are, in most species, very small and metacentric, some differences in chromosome size and shape are detectable. Many genera seem to have a high base number and/or several different numbers. TheMeliaceae, unlike some other tropical woody groups, are particularly interesting because of the considerable range of chromosome numbers they exhibit. Differences in number have been observed between even closely related species in the economically important timber generaSwietenia, CedrelaandToona, and this has an obvious bearing on future tree breeding and tree improvement studies. The taxonomic significance of chromosome numbers is discussed.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1218250

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe taxonomic value of plant hairs would be enhanced by a standardized terminology. However, the great diversity in hair morphology often precludes using single terms to describe hair types. In some genera the multitude of hair features requires numerous descriptive terms just as do other complex plant parts. It is suggested that efforts be made by systematists using hair characters in descriptions to be precise in terminology and to derive terms from Latin rather than generalize hair types as simple, stellate, etc. The genusSolanumexhibits great hair diversity. Some examples of hairs from this genus are illustrated and a terminology suggested.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1218251

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe methods of formal taxonomy have not been very satisfactory for the classification of cultivated plants. As a result, the people who deal with cultivated plants the most have developed their own informal and intuitive classifications based on experience as to what constitutes useful groupings. An attempt is made to provide a framework in which both systems can operate with a minimum of confusion. The structure of the total available gene pool is characterized by assigning taxa to primary, secondary and tertiary gene pools. At the infraspecific level, cultivars are grouped into races and subraces in an informal way without rigid rules for the use of terms.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1218252

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA standard method of comparing classifications is the “cophenetic correlation” technique of Sokal and Rohlf (1962). The method is re‐examined, and is shown to possess two shortcomings which make it unsuitable for the truncated, intensely‐clustering strategies now in common use. These shortcomings are (i) it is unable to distinguish between changes due to group composition and changes due to configuration of groups within the hierarchy, and (ii) it is sensitive to the convention used for representing the hierarchy in two dimensions. A revised form of the strategy is proposed which appears to overcome these difficulties.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1218253

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY