1. |
EVOLUTION AND MEASUREMENT OF SPECIES DIVERSITY† |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 2-3,
2019,
Page 213-251
R. H. Whittaker,
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摘要:
SummaryGiven a resource gradient (e.g. light intensity, prey size) in a community, species evolve to use different parts of this gradient; competition between them is thereby reduced. Species relationships in the community may be conceived in terms of a multidimensional coordinate system, the axes of which are the various resource gradients (and other aspects of species relationships to space, time, and one another in the community). This coordinate system defines a hyperspace, and the range of the space that a given species occupies is its niche hypervolume, as an abstract characterization of its intra‐community position, or niche. Species evolve toward difference in niche, and consequently toward difference in location of their hypervolumes in the niche hyperspace. Through evolutionary time additional species can fit into the community in niche hypervolumes different from those of other species, and the niche hyperspace can become increasingly complex. Its complexity relates to the community's richness in species, its alpha diversity.Species differ in the proportions of the niche hyperspace they are able to occupy and the share of the community's resources they utilize. The share of resources utilized is expressed in species' productivities, and when species are ranked by relative productivity (or some other measurement) from most to least important, importance‐value or dominance‐diversity curves are formed. Three types of curves may represent manners in which resources are divided among species: (a) niche pre‐emption with strong dominance, expressed in a geometric series, (b) random boundaries between niches, expressed in the MacArthur distribution, and (c) determination of relative importance by many factors, so that species form a frequency distribution on a logarithmic base of importance values, a lognormal distribution. The forms of importance‐value curves do not permit strong inference about resource division, but are of interest for their expression of species relationships and bearing on measurement of diversity.
ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.2307/1218190
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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2. |
HI‐IAPT Portraits of Botanists, no. 11. |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 2-3,
2019,
Page 252-252
Pehr Forsskal,
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ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.1002/j.1996-8175.1972.tb03259.x
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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3. |
THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES DIVERSITY IN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES† |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 2-3,
2019,
Page 253-259
Herbert H. Ross,
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摘要:
SummarySpecies diversity, here defined simply as the total number of species in a community, represents the historic processes by which additional species enter the community and species disappear from it. The additions arise chiefly through speciation by geographic isolation followed by a congregation of the new species formed. The mechanism is by reversible geologic events such as glacial periods, orogenies, and dispersal corridors, the first two affecting organisms as reversible climatic changes. These events cause speciation on a grand scale, acting simultaneously on species in all seral stages of the biome. On this basis, the input side of the species diversity of a community is a combined function of (1) the geologic longevity of its ecological conditions and (2) the number of times the community area undergoes geographic disjunctions and reconnections.
ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.2307/1218192
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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4. |
HI‐IAPT Portraits of Botanists, no. 12. |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 2-3,
2019,
Page 260-260
Johann Georg Adam Forster,
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ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.1002/j.1996-8175.1972.tb03261.x
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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5. |
ORDINAL AND FAMILIAL DIVERSITY OF CENOZOIC MAMMALS† |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 2-3,
2019,
Page 261-274
Jason A. Lillegraven,
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PDF (587KB)
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摘要:
SummaryVarious kinds of data concerning changes in total mammalian ordinal and familial diversity through the Cenozoic are graphed for the world and for each of the continents from which a mammalian fossil record is known. Ordinal and familial diversity increased rapidly through the Paleocene and Eocene to reach respective all‐time highs of 26 orders in the late Eocene and 116 families in the early Oligocene (bats and odontocete plus mys‐ticete whales excluded). The major continents suffered a decline in total ordinal and familial diversity in the latter half of the Oligocene with a secondary rejuvenation in the early Miocene. A remarkable uniformity in total number of orders and families per continent has obtained from the early Oligocene to Recent, and no apparent relationship exists between total diversity and continental size.A series of striking correlations exists between the times of first appearances of many mammalian and angiospermous orders and families. High numbers of first appearances (a kind of index to rates of evolutionary diversification) occurred in both mammals and flowering plants in the late Eocene to early Oligocene and in the earlier half of the Miocene. These specific times of high taxonomic diversification also correlate closely with the times of first appearance of “modern” (present at some time during the Quaternary) families of mammals and extinction of archaic families. Major mammalian faunal “turnovers” occurred in the Late Cretaceous, Eocene through early Oligocene, and early Miocene. Nevertheless,totalfamilial and ordinal diversity of mammals on any given continent at any given time has remained remarkably stable. Some sort of faunal equilibrium is suggested.The dramatic taxonomic changes of the earlier parts of the Oligocene (i. e., high rates of appearance of new mammalian and plant taxa plus high rate of extinction of archaic mammals) correlate well with a general deterioration of the world's climate (lowering of mean annual temperature and decrease of equability) ar that time. Contemporaneous adjustments can be observed between climatic change, rates of evolutionary diversification in plants and mammals, and rates of extinction in mammals.
ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.2307/1218194
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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6. |
PATTERNS OF SPECIES DIVERSITY AND THEIR EXPLANATION† |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 2-3,
2019,
Page 275-286
Martin A. Buzas,
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摘要:
SummaryPatterns of species diversity and equitability, and the hypotheses suggested to explain them are examined in the terrestrial and marine environments, and the fossil record. Although all the hypotheses are important in explaining diversity, none of them singularly or in various combinations are sufficient to explain the observed patterns. Quantification of the variables suggested to explain the observations will no doubt help clarify and give more credibility to the explanation of diversity, but such studies are only in their infancy.
ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.2307/1218195
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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7. |
DAS HERRENHÄUSER HERBAR IN GÖTTINGEN |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 2-3,
2019,
Page 287-289
Gerhard Wagenitz,
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摘要:
SummaryThe “Systematisch‐Geobotanisches Institut” of the University of Göttingen acquired as a gift the herbarium of the former Royal Gardens at Herrenhausen near Hannover. This herbarium contains plants from F. Ehrhart, types of plants described by Johann Christoph Wendland, Heinrich Ludolph Wendland and Hermann Wendland. Of importance is further the material collected by Hermann Wendland during his journey to Central America in 1856/57.
ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.2307/1218196
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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8. |
HI‐IAPT Portraits of Botanists, no. 13. |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 2-3,
2019,
Page 290-290
Carl Friedrich von Gaertner,
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ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.1002/j.1996-8175.1972.tb03265.x
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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9. |
PROBLEMS IN THE TYPIFICATION OF GENERIC NAMES† |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 2-3,
2019,
Page 291-297
Rodolfo E. G. Pichi Sermolli,
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PDF (377KB)
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ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.2307/1218198
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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10. |
HI‐IAPT Portraits of Botanists, no. 14. |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 2-3,
2019,
Page 298-298
Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch,
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ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.1002/j.1996-8175.1972.tb03267.x
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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