摘要:

SummaryThe feasibility of using technicians untrained in taxonomy to collect data for use in numerical taxonomic studies was investigated. Two persons independently described twenty‐five species of bees (given 6 specimens of each species, 3 of each sex). The results of the analysis of their descriptions were compared with the data of Michener and Sokal (1957).The data were processed using standard numerical taxonomic procedures (standardization of characters, computation of correlation and distance coefficients among species, cluster analysis, principal components analysis and 3‐D models). The 3‐D models revealed that the generic groupings were not nearly as distinct in the data obtained from the technicians as they were in the original data collected by Michener and Sokal, (M&S, used as a standard for comparison). When the data collected by both technicians were pooled, they yielded much better agreement with theM&Sdata than either one did by itself. A similar conclusion was derived from examination of the phenograms. While the phenograms made good sense overall, there were many discrepancies between those of the technicians and those ofM&SAn analysis of the correlations among the 234 characters from both technicians as well as fromM&Senabled a preliminary check for the matches asymptote hypothesis to be made. A cluster analysis of the character correlation matrix revealed that there were no characters which were obvious duplicates (no correlations equal to unity). The same morphological structures were examined but they were described in different ways. Rotation to an oblique simple structure of 17 factors obtained by factor analysis indicated that the character suites described in the three studies shared dimensions of variability. One of the technicians had not described characters loading highly on three of the factors and theM&Sdata lacked characters loading highly on one of the factors. An important feature of the data is the large number of unique characters (reflecting independent dimensions of variation). These ranged from 18% to 40%. We suspect that these unique characters indicate the presence of taxonomic “noise”.The results of this study would seem to imply that characters defined by untrained technicians could lead to acceptable classifications if enough characters are considered. Consequently, we are encouraged about prospects for the eventual automation of the data gathering process in taxonomy.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1219053

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummarySix computer programs are discussed as they may be used in the resolution of the interrelationships among plants.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1219054

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryOne new family, Siparunaceae, and one new subfamily, Peumoideae (Monimiaceae), are proposed from a reappraisal of the relationships between the families of the order Laurales and within Monimiaceae s.s. Siparunaceae comprise three genera, namelySiparunaAubl.,BracteanthusDucke, andGlossocalyxBenth., which were hitherto included in Monimiaceae; Peumoideae is monotypic. Notes on the characters and affinities of these taxa are given and Monimiaceae are redefined.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1219055

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe types of the names of taxa above the rank of species cannot, logically, be taxa (species, etc.) but only names of taxa (in the sense of the ‘Code’). Accordingly, the type of the nameMuscariMiller is the nameMuscari botryoides(L.) Miller, as proposed by Britton and Brown in 1913, and is considered to be a neotype.The species currently included inMuscaribelong to 4 distinct genera (one of which is new) with 3 additional sections. Full synonymies and latin diagnoses of all these taxa are given. The nameLeopoldiaParl. 1845 (non Herb. 1821) is proposed for conservation.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1219056

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryMelanthera panduriformisH. Cassini is designated as the type species ofMelantheraRohr.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1219057

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe compilospecies B.intermedia(R. Br.) A. Camus introgresses in nature with B.ewar‐tiana(Domin) C. E. Hubbard,B. ischaemum(Linn.) Keng,Capillipedium parviflorum(R. Br.) Stapf, andDichanthium annulatum(Forssk.) Stapf. The species that contribute towards the variability of the compilospecies are genetically isolated from each other, except across the bridging B.intermedia. Introgression is primarily in the direction of B.intermedia, and it is proposed that such hybrid derivatives be included in the compilospecies. It is suggested that the taxaBothriochloaO. Kuntze,CapillipediumStapf andDichanthiumWillemet be combined, with the generic nameDichanthiumtaking priority.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1219058

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAchlys californica, a tetraploid, distinct in morphology and ecogeographical distribution from the diploidA. triphyllais described below as a new species. The distribution ofA. californicais mostly in the coastal region from northern California to southernmost British Columbia, whileA. triphyllaoccurs predominantly in the Cascade mountain range.In an account of the biosystematics ofAchlyspublished in 1967 (Fukuda, 1967), cytogenetic, morphological, ecological and distributional evidence was presented that the genus may be divided into three taxa. One of these, a diploid,A. triphylla(Sm.) DC. subsp.japonica(Max.) Fukuda, is restricted to Hokkaido and northern Honshu, in Japan. Disjunct from this, on the eastern side of the Pacific Ocean,A. triphyllasubsp.triphyllais found from northern California to British Columbia.Until this study, all western North American material ofAchlyshas been placed in this species. However, it is now apparent that diploid and tetraploid plants occur, each with a distinctive morphology and ecogeographical distribution, as shown in Fig. 1. They merit specific distinction.The first specimen ofAchlyswas collected by Archibald Menzies, at Tulalip Bay, in the southern part of Puget Sound, now in the state of Washington, on June 4, 1794. J. E. Smith gave it the nameLeontice triphylla(Smith, 1812). A. P. de Candolle pointed out that Menzies' plant differed from the members of the Asiatic genusLeonticeby not developing valvate flaps when the anthers dehisce. Consequently, he created a new genusAchlysfor it in 1821. In fact, the genera differ by many other characters and are sometimes placed in separate subfamilies (Rendle, 1925). The type‐specimen collected by Menzies, which is in the Smith Herbarium at the Linnean Society in London, was recognized as being of the diploid species by morphology and measurement of stomatal sizes in the central leaflet (Fukuda, 1967). For this reason the tetraploid plant, which has not yet received a formal description, is treated here.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1219059

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1219060

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryEsperanto is proposed, instead of Latin or English, for formal descriptions of extraterrestrial taxa, if and when found.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1219061

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1219062

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY