摘要:

SummaryA variety of schemes are employed currently for the classification of plants into higher taxa. The two most widely used schemes, the traditional kingdom Plantae with sub‐kingdoms Thallophyta and Embryophyta, and the Whittaker five‐kingdom system with plants in the kingdoms Monera, Protista, Fungi and Plantae, rely on nineteenth century morphological criteria for delimitation of taxa that result in polyphyletic assemblages of organisms. It is proposed that plants be assigned to seven kingdoms, subordinate to the superkingdoms Procaryota and Eucaryota which are based on the procaryotic and eucaryotic types of cellular organization. The distribution of accessory chlorophylls is used as a major taxonomic criterion for classifying photosynthetic organisms at the kingdom level. This results in a single kingdom, the Cyanochlorobionta for photosynthetic plants containing chlorophyllaonly within the superkingdom Procaryota. Photosynthetic plants within the superkingdom Eucaryota have been divided into three groups, the kingdom Erythrobionta for organisms with no accessory chlorophyll or occasionally chlorophylld(and lacking flagella), the kingdom Chlorobionta for organisms with accessory chlorophyllb, and the Ochrobionta for those organisms with accessory chlorophyllc. Vascular plants have been assigned to a single division, the Tracheophyta, since in addition to having a similar biochemistry (chlorophyllsaandb, similar carotenoids, starch as a reserve food product) they possess also a basic morphological groundplan ‐ a vascular system containing xylem and phloem, and a life history consisting of an alternation of generations. The fungi have been assigned three kingdoms as opposed to most extant schemes of classification in which they are allocated to a single polyphyletic assemblage. The true fungi have been divided into kingdoms Fungi 1 and Fungi 2 since it is thought that they have evolved from the Chlorobionta and Ochrobionta, respectively; the myxomycetes have been placed in a third kingdom, the Myxobionta.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1220106

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryRecent reproductive biology studies reveal high levels of self‐incompatibility in species diverse tropical communities. Many tropical trees are animal pollinated, pollen transfer patterns closely following the energetics of foraging. The energy output (in the form of nectar, pollen and other food bodies) of a single massively flowering tropical tree is far in excess of the demands of a single pollinating individual. This being so, a large proportion of the pollen transfers in tropical trees are geitonogamous and genetically equivalent to self‐pollination. It is here argued that the tendency for high levels of geitonogamy, which presumably increase with decreasing population density or increasing species diversity has been the major factor in the spread and perhaps initial evolution of pre‐zygotic self‐incompatibility mechanisms in the angiosperms.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1220107

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA comparative study of leaf architecture throughout the Angiosperms has been made and six classes of venation patterns are recognised. The terms employed are defined and arranged in a systematic order for convenience of reference. Some new terms have been introduced where greater precision was needed and for little known venation patterns.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1220108

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1220109

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryFive genera are recognized in the tribe Vicieae (Adanson) de Candolle ex Seringe (Fabaceae):CicerLinnaeus,LathyrusLinnaeus,LensP. Miller,PisumLinnaeus, andViciaLinnaeus. A recently proposed genus,VaviloviaFedorov, is placed in synonymy underPisum, and a new subgenus is founded. Another recently proposed genus,Anatropostylia(Plitmann) Kupicha, is placed in synonymy underVicia. Flowers of 261 of approximately 350 recognized species were surveyed for these characters: type of filament apex, type of androecial sheath apex, stigma shape, style shape, stylar hair pattern, type of stylar base, and ovary surface. These data are condified and illustrated.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1220110

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.1002/j.1996-8175.1976.tb03482.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1220112

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.1002/j.1996-8175.1976.tb03484.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryBotanists have usedStyraxin all genders. The etymology ofStyrax, the problems with its classical and dictionary genders, and arguments for and against the various botanical genders are evaluated. We find that the Linnaean adoption of neuter was a simple error, the use of feminine has only theoretical justification and that masculine gender best fits the wording of our present (Botanical) Code forStyrax, as well asPanax.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1220113

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.1002/j.1996-8175.1976.tb03486.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY