1. |
THE DEFINITION OF SYSTEMATIC CATEGORIES IN BIOLOGY† |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 4,
2019,
Page 381-406
Pierre Legendre,
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摘要:
SummaryBiological taxonomy, now combined with cytogenetics and mathematical philosophy, has become a new synthetic theory of evolution. The purpose of this paper is to derive a comprehensive, united series of formal descriptions of the results of evolution, which are the systematic categories as understood by biosystematics. In a first move, differences between individuals are found by comparing their chromosomal arrangements, and algebraic measures of feasibility of pairing are derived. Individuals are also compared with regard to their genes, and an algebraic measure of genic similarity between individuals is defined. A chain is also defined, which unites in clusters the groups of individuals which are equivalent with regard to a relation which is to be defined in each case. With these mathematical tools, a species is defined as a group of individuals which cluster when one applies on them a relation showing their possibility of crossing freely. A genus is defined as a group of species which cluster after a chain is formed on pairs of species between which there is a calculated possibility of occasional hybridization. A local population is defined as a group of organisms located within pairing distance of each other. A subspecies is defined as a major subdivision of the specific gene pool which corresponds to a geographical subdivision of the species' range. The usefulness of the semispecies as a category different from the subspecies is discussed according to biosystematic principles. It is also suggested that an environmental multi‐dimensional space could be of major usefulness for determining the major adaptive peaks reached by supra‐generic taxa.
ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.2307/1219102
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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2. |
CHEMOSYSTEMATIC AND NUMERICAL STUDIES OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF JUNIPERUS PINCHOTII SUDW. |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 4,
2019,
Page 407-427
R. P. Adams,
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摘要:
SummaryJuniperus pinchotiiSudw. was analyzed for areas of population differentiation and possible hybridization with other species ofJuniperus, utilizing both morphological and chemical (terpenoid) characters. The volatile terpenoids of the foliage were analyzed by gas chromatography. Numerical methods included: analysis of variance; SNK tests; contour mapping of individual characters; differential systematics; and numerical taxonomy.Juniperus pinchotiiappears to be a somewhat variable taxon with some quite divergent populations in the trans‐Pecos region of west Texas where it is morphologically similar toJ. monospermaSarg. No evidence of introgression was detected but some hybridization withJ. monospermain the Palo Duro Canyon of the Texas Panhandle was confirmed.
ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.2307/1219103
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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3. |
HI‐IAPT Portraits of Botanists, no. 19. |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 4,
2019,
Page 428-428
Nicolaus Joseph Jacquin,
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ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.1002/j.1996-8175.1972.tb03287.x
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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4. |
FLORAL BUNDLE FUSION AND VASCULAR CONSERVATISM |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 4,
2019,
Page 429-446
Rudolf Schmid,
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摘要:
SummaryCritiques are presented of the three main precepts of vascular conservatism, viz.: (1) extent of fusion of bundles denotes degree of evolutionary advancement; (2) 'vestigial traces' indicate organs that have disappeared because vascular patterns lag behind in evolution; and (3) orientation of bundles demonstrates homologies. Precepts (2) and (3) can be controverted to a large extent by existing reports in the literature. Precept (1) is herewith tested by an analysis of the level and manner of origin of the dorsal carpellary bundles of four species ofSyzygium s.l. (Myrtaceae). These features are very variable in an individual plant and even in a single flower. Consequently, the extent of union between bundles, contrary to widespread belief, is not necessarily a reliable indicator of phyletic status of an organ or taxon. There is noa priorireason to expect hypotheses based upon conservatism to apply to all situations. The only ultimate test is correlation with other lines of evidence.
ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.2307/1219105
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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5. |
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY OF THE LEAF EPIDERMIS IN THE MAGNOLIACEAE AND SOME RELATED FAMILIES |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 4,
2019,
Page 447-469
Margarita Baranova,
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摘要:
SummaryStomatal and other epidermal features suggest a close relationship among the Magnoliaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Degeneriaceae, and Himantandraceae, a somewhat more distant relationship of the Winteraceae to these families, and only a much more distant relationship of the Illiciaceae and Trochodendraceae to this group. Epidermal characteristics of the various genera and species of the Magnoliaceae are highly compatible with the taxonomic scheme of Dandy, and in some respects give strong support to it. The generic separation ofManglietiafromMagnoliais particularly supported by my studies. Within the Winteraceae, epidermal features of several species ofBelliolumcorrelate well with the system of A. C. Smith for this genus. The speciesBubbia perrieriis anomalous inBubbiaon epidermal features, though clearly a member of the Winteraceae; its taxonomic position merits reconsideration. Many members of the Magnoliales have thickened lamellae (distinct from the outer stomatal ledge) on the outer walls of the guard cells, similar (except in not being lignified) to such lamellae in the modern Cycadales. The presence of these lamellae is considered to be a primitive feature among the angiosperms. Thick‐walled epidermal cells with pores in the outer wall are found in many of the Magnoliales, and this feature is also considered to be primitive within the angiosperms. It is noteworthy that the Cycadales also have thick‐walled cells, and that inCycasand some other genera these cells have pores in the outer walls. The vast majority of the Magnoliales have paracytic stomates, and this is considered to be the primitive type within the angiosperms.
ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.2307/1219106
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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6. |
HI‐IAPT Portraits of Botanists, no. 20. |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 4,
2019,
Page 470-470
Bernard de Jussieu,
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ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.1002/j.1996-8175.1972.tb03290.x
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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7. |
POLLEN OF ALANGIUM: TOWARD A MORE SATISFACTORY SYNTHESIS |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 4,
2019,
Page 471-477
Richard H. Eyde,
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摘要:
SummaryResults of Reitsma's detailed investigation ofAlangiumpollen appear to differ markedly from conclusions obtained with other systematic approaches, but the contradictions largely disappear when allowance is made for the occasional independent origin of similar pollen characters in related taxa. Objections are raised to certain points in Reitsma's treatment of the fossil record.
ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.2307/1219108
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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8. |
HI‐IAPT Portraits of Botanists, no. 21. |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 4,
2019,
Page 478-478
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu,
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ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.1002/j.1996-8175.1972.tb03292.x
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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9. |
GENETIC AFFINITIES BETWEEN HAWAIIAN AND MARQUESAN BIDENS (ASTERACEAE)† |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 4,
2019,
Page 479-483
George W. Gillett,
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摘要:
SummaryGenetic affinities are reported between 6 Hawaiian taxa ofBidensand one species (B. ahnnei) indigenous to the Marquesas Islands. An argument is presented supporting the longdistance dispersal ofBidensfrom the New World to the Hawaiian Islands, and the later dispersal of this stock to the islands of Southeastern Polynesia.
ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.2307/1219110
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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10. |
HI‐IAPT Portraits of Botanists, no. 22. |
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TAXON,
Volume 21,
Issue 4,
2019,
Page 484-484
Pehr Kalm,
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ISSN:0040-0262
DOI:10.1002/j.1996-8175.1972.tb03294.x
出版商:Wiley
年代:2019
数据来源: WILEY
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