摘要:

SummaryPart I: Louis Gérard (1733–1819); his development of a system of natural classification; theFlora Gallo‐Provincialis(1761) and its fate. Part II: The progress of the idea of natural classification in the later eighteenth century; the cult of sensibility vs. the cult of reason; and the academic politics of the French Revolution. Part III: Jean‐Henri Jaume Saint‐Hilaire (1772–1845) and hisExposition des families naturelles(1805); the task of popularizing natural classification; and a new role for botany in the democratization of society in the nineteenth century.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1222135

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe phenolic content of leaves from 138 individuals ofDactylis glomerataL. has been chromatographed and numerically analyzed. This sampling took into account the 14 diploid subspecific units of theD. glomerataspecific complex. The phytochemical results allowed us to elucidate the degrees of variation at different taxonomic levels and suggested some physiological and ecological bases supporting an organization into five closely related groups.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1222136

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe assertion that ontogeny and phylogeny are closely related phenomena seems to be valid, but the nature of this relationship has not been explored in sufficient depth. The present study details some quantitative methods through which the nature of speciation and development can be simultaneously addressed. Within‐species variation was assessed for species of the related generaWyethia, Balsamorhiza, andHelianthella(Asteraceae, Heliantheae) for three data sets consisting of shoot, terminal head, and cauline leaf variables. Although the changes in organization that occur through development could not be directly measured here, variation among mature plants permits inferences to be made regarding the product of ontogeny. Within‐species variation appears to be unique and unpredictable, even among species that are sympatric or share membership in small monophyletic groups. Such unique and unpredictable variation can be interpreted as changes in organization that occur as the partial manifestation of phylogenesis. Studies on other plants indicate similar changes in variation occur during ontogeny. These results imply that studies concerned with changing organization will provide clarification of the relationship between development and speciation. A necessary prerequisite to a systematic study is an understanding of the development and integration of characters used in the study. A discussion of explanations claiming to address biological change and their applicability to these results is provided. Neo‐Darwinian theory appears incapable of providing an adequate explanation of the results presented here, as changing organization and increasing complexity would not be predicted from it. On the other hand, Brooks and Wiley's theory of evolution, based on non‐equilibrium thermodynamics, does predict an irreversible increase in complexity in biological systems as they change with time. Explication of the relationships between ontogeny and phylogeny may be forthcoming from studies stressing the description of ontogenetic variation among individuals set within an independently derived phylogenetic framework.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1222137

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryIt has been shown that eight well‐defined species ofAntennariashould be recognized (A. aromatica, A. corymbosa, A. marginata, A. media, A. microphylla, A. racemosa, A. rosulata, andA. umbrinella). A proposed synonymy for these eight diploid species, based on the similarity matrix and discriminant analysis, is presented here. These species appear to be the sexual progenitors for the polyploid agamic complexes comprisingA.roseaandA. parvifolia.Relationships between the diploids and the polyploids are discussed.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1222138

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe Swedish botanist Harry Smith travelled in China in the 1920's and 1930's. This paper presents a brief description of his routes, including a list of collection sites with locations determined using geographical coordinates.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1222139

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryAccumulation of nickel to levels exceeding 1000 μg/g of dry matter, already found in many species ofThlaspiL. from Europe and western U.S.A., is also characteristic of seven species of this genus growing on ultramafic soils in Cyprus, Turkey, northern Syria and Japan. Two Turkish serpentineendemic species ofCochleariabehave in the same way, but many other members of the Brassicaceae from nickel‐rich soils show only slightly elevated nickel levels.Zinc accumulation is known to occur in some EuropeanThlaspispecies, inCochlearia pyrenaicaand inArabidopsis thalianaon zinc‐rich soils. SomeThlaspispecies, however, accumulate high levels of zinc even when they are not associated with known zinc mineralisation.Abnormal metal uptake by many species ofThlaspiandCochleariais a property of fundamental importance in considerations of the taxonomy and distribution in these genera.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1222140

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA colorless euglenoid was isolated from a sample of seawater collected from a New Jersey salt marsh in March 1984. This organism has been continuously maintained in the laboratory for the past three years. Though evidently belonging to a different species, this euglenoid bore remarkable similarities toSerpenomonas costata, previously described from the same sample. In ultrastructural features such as pellicle, flagellar apparatus, and feeding apparatus the organisms are nearly identical and there is little doubt that the two species belong to the same genus. Subsequent investigation revealed that the second species isPloeotia vitreaDujardin (1841), despite the fact that a feeding apparatus was neither mentioned nor illustrated by Dujardin. It has therefore become necessary to transferS.costatatoPloeotiaas a new combination, and to redescribe that genus to account for features that were not observed when the original description was made.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1222141

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryHistorically, the phylogenetic affinities of the Ceratophyllaceae have been vague, however, recent authors have favored a close relationship of the family to the genusCabombaof the Nymphaeales. An evaluation of critical character distributions by cluster analyses confirmed relationships ofCabombawithBrasenia, EuryalewithVictoria, andNymphaeawithNuphar, Ondinea, andBarclaya, but did not support a close affinity ofCeratophyllumto any nymphaealean genus. By phenetic analyses,Ceratophyllumis distinct and not recognizable as a natural component of the Nymphaeales. This conclusion is in line with revised interpretations of available data from various sources, which point to an isolated position of the Ceratophyllaceae. Paleobotanical evidence supports a hypothesis that the Ceratophyllaceae are a vestige of ancient angiosperms that diverged early from the line leading to most other modern taxa. The remoteness of Ceratophyllaceae from the Nymphaeales and other extant angiosperms warrants the recognition of a new, distinct order of flowering plants.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1222142

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe small genusTetrameranthus(five species) stands isolated within the Annonaceae. A cladistic analysis was carried out using macromorphological characters in order to find possible apomorphies and to attempt a phylogenetic reconstruction. In the “best” cladograms there appear two subsets, one formed byT. duckei, T. macrocarpus, andT. pachycarpus, the other byT. laomaeandT. umbellatus.Both are supported by a number of apomorphic character states. Any other conclusions remain speculative.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1222143

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryHemolysis is a traditional test for the presence of certain saponins in plant tissues. The hemolytic capacities ofMedicagoand allied genera were examined. It was found that leaves ofMedicagospecies are hemolytic, although there are considerable differences in strength of reaction among species and populations of species. The leaves of species of six related genera consistently proved not to be hemolytic. Thus hemolysis by leaves is a synapomorphic discriminator, and supports a recent, controversial expanded circumscriptionof Medicago.The hemolytic capacities of seeds ofMedicagoand its closest allies,TrigonellaandMelilotus, were also examined. Only about a third ofMedicagospecies had hemolytic seeds, and the distribution of these is more or less characteristic of certain infrageneric groups. Three interrelated species ofTrigonellaproved to be the only species of genera other than those ofMedicagowith hemolytic seeds. InMedicago, hemolysis is caused by glycosides of the saponin medicagenic acid; different but as yet unidentified hemolytic agents are present in the seeds of the three hemolytic species ofTrigonella.

ISSN:0040-0262    

DOI:10.2307/1222144

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2019

数据来源: WILEY