摘要:

AbstractArticles on pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) published manily by Japanese child psychiatrists in international journals for the last 20 years were reviewed for the purpose of clarifying the accomplishment and aimes of Japanese PDD research. Although Japanese child psychiatrists inventigated PDD in various specialties, their contributions to international archives were much fewer than those of Japanese professionals in other branches of medical sciences. This may be accounted for by the absence of an authorized education system of child psychiatrists and strong clinical orientation together with some reluctance of Japansee child psychiatrists to perform research. However, the epidemiology of PDD subtypes, the speech loss in PDD and the psychopathology of persons with high‐functioning PDD seem to be providing promising research areas for Japanese child psychiatrists based on their clinical experience

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb02737.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study was conducted at three universities, two in Japan and one in Thailand, in order to elucidate the effects of medical education, especially with regard to contact experience on medical students' attitudes toward persons with mental disorders. Questionnaires, which included the Attitudes Towards Disabled Persons Scale (ATDP) and the Contact with Disabled Persons Scale (CDP), were distributed to 1st year students prior to the commencement of their medicine/psychiatry studies and distributed to 6th (or 5th) year students who had completed their psychiatric curriculum. The ATDP scores were lower for 6th year students at all universities, suggesting that post‐education students had a more unfavorable attitude than pre‐education students. Thai students indicated more unfavorable attitudes than did the Japanese students. Three factors were extracted from the ATDP scale and termed:negation of character, negation of abilityandaffirmation of normality.Four factors from the CDP scale were extracted and labeledintimate contact experience, ordinary contact experience, unpleasant contact experienceandpleasant contact experience.Greater negative attitudes of post‐education students than pre‐education students were thought to attribute mainly to an increase in factor score ofnegation of abilityand this result was correlated with an increase in factor score ofordinary contact experiencein post‐education students. Of the three ATDP factor scores, the higher score of Thai students fornegation of charactercontributed to their overall unfavorable attitude scores. The cross‐national similarities and differences of students' attitudes towards and contact experience with mentally disordered persons were discussed from the viewpoint of medica

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb02738.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSpeech loss (SL) was compared in 276 children who had pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) with 62 children with intellectual disabilities without PDD. Speech loss seems relatively specific to PDD because it is significantly more common in children with PDD (26.1%, 72/276) than in those with intellectual disabilities (1.6%, 1/62). In three PDD categories, speech loss occurred in all the 12 children with disintegrative psychosis, 35/149 (23.5%) children with infantile autism and 25/115 (21.7%) children with other PDD. Children with pervasive developmental disorders and speech loss had spoken significantly earlier yet developed less satisfactorily after speech loss than those without it. Speech loss seems fairly specific to PDD and is indicative of unfavorable intellectual development in children with PDD.

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb02739.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwenty‐three patients with Tourette's disorder (13 with obsessive‐compulsive symptoms [OCS] and 10 without) were comparatively investigated. In contrast to OCS‐free Tourette's disorder patients, those with OCS were found to be characterized by (i) a higher incidence of volatile temper, (ii) a higher incidence of compulsive tics, (iii) a higher incidence of perinatal disorders and brain wave abnormalities, (iv) a higher severity as rated using the Seventy Scale, and (v) a higher prevalence of complications, especially of developmental disorders. Of the subjects with OCS‐accompanied Tourette's disorder, approximately half had developed OCS by the onset of tics. These findings suggest the likelihood that OCS‐accompanied Tourette's disorder is more strongly associated with organic cerebral disorders, independently of sites of tic disorders, than is OCS‐free Tourette

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb02740.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractErythrocyte deformability as a clinical indicator of microcirculatory disturbance was determined in the erythrocyte of 25 schizophrenic patients and of 18 normal controls. Schizophrenic patients had significantly lower erythrocyte deformability than did the normal controls (P<0.001). This result suggests that microcirculation in schizophrenic patients is disturbed, and that this disturbance might be involved in the pathophysiological genesis of schizophrenia.

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb02741.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA multicenter study of sleep‐wake rhythm disorders (i.e. non‐24 hour sleep‐wake syndrome; non‐24), delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS), irregular sleep‐wake pattern (irregular sleepers), and long sleepers, was conducted with the co‐operation of 25 institutions. One hundred and twenty‐one primary sleep‐wake rhythm disorders were diagnosed and were classified as 13 non‐24, 90 DSPS, 12 irregular and six long sleepers. The mean onset age was about 20 years old and psycho‐social factors associating the onset of the disorder were identified in 36% of these patients. The major factors of sleep‐wake disorders were personal relationships, advancing to a higher level education, gaining employment, and changes in environment. Most patients were ‘night active’ prior to appearance of their symptoms. Increase in night activities of modern society seem to result in the occurrence of such sl

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb02742.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne hundred and six subjects with primary sleep‐wake rhythm disorders [13 non‐24 hour sleep‐wake syndrome (non‐24), 76 delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS), 11 irregular sleep‐wake pattern (irregular) and six long sleepers] were treated with vitamin B12, bright light, chronotherapy and/or hypnotics. These therapies caused moderate or remarkable improvement in 32% of the non‐24, 42% of DSPS, 45% of irregular and 67% of long sleepers. A lack of adequate sleep, unpleasant feelings at waking and daytime drowsiness were also impro

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb02743.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe usefulness of daytime polysomnography (DPSG) in the diagnosis of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is examined. Diagnostic use was investigated by conducting DPSG of two different time periods (Group M, 11.00–14.00 h, and Group A, 15.00–18.00 h). The subjects were 30 patients (28 men and two women; mean age, 54.0 years). Nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG) and DPSG were investigated by comparing indices of sleep, apnea index (AI) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). There was no significant difference among these indices but there was a significant positive correlation between NPSG and DPSG in all variables related to sleep apnea. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the frequency of each type of apnea between NPSG and DPSG in either group. These findings suggest that DPSG is useful not only in diagnosing SAS but in evaluating its sever

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb02744.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe investigated the acute effects of caffeine (500 mg) on event‐related potentials (ERP) in 10 healthy subjects using standard oddball and single‐tone paradigms. Event‐related potentials were recorded before oral ingestion of caffeine or placebo and 30 min and 210 min after. The oddball paradigm, but not the single‐tone paradigm, showed that the P300 amplitude and the area were significantly increased 30 min after ingestion of caffeine and significantly decreased 30 min after ingestion of placebo. The effects of caffeine disappeared at 210 min. Neither the P300 latency nor the reaction time changed significantly with the oddball paradigm. However, the reaction time was shortened 30 min after ingestion of caffeine with the single‐tone paradigm. These findings suggest that the caffeine‐induced increase in the P300 amplitude may have resulted from the increased allocation of attentional resources to the discriminating process which was not, however, accompanied by facilitation of the process and that caffeine may specifically stimulate the discriminating process involved in the oddball paradigm. In addition, the simple psychomotor performance of button‐pressing in response to a tone signal was accelerate

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb02745.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe initial stage of Alzheimer's disease is characterized by a neuropathological change in the entorhinal cortex. In a previous study it was shown that rats with excitotoxic lesion of entorhinal cortex showed an impaired acquisition of passive and active avoidance responses. In this study a rat with excitotoxic lesion of the entorhinal cortex was tested for ‘more operant’ behavioral learning (i.e., positive reinforcement operant learning). The hippocampus was also examined histologically as acetylcholinesterase‐stained sections, and as synaptophysin immunostained sections and examined biochemically by liquid chromatography. Eight weeks after operation, the bilateral entorhinal cortex lesioned rats showed an impaired acquisition of positive reinforcement operant learning. The lesioned side of unilateral entorhinal cortex lesioned rats showed a decrease of acecylcholinesterase‐positive fibers in the CA3, the dentate gyrus, and of synaptophysin‐positive substances in the CA3. Biochemical study showed a decreased level of acetylcholine in the CA3, and in the dentate gyrus. The histological and biochemical findings are interpreted as indicating that the entorhinal cortex of the rat provides the major extrinsic synaptic input to the hippocampal formation via the circuit which serves as a relay passage through the dentate gyrus and via direct projections into the hippocampus. Behavioral findings confirmed the importance of the entorhinal cortex in memory acquisition and indicated that rats with a partial neuronal loss in the entorhinal cortex may be a useful model for the memory disturbance of Alzheimer'

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1996.tb02746.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY