ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1973.tb00084.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThis study was a further attempt to investigate the roles of various electroencephalographic patterns in the etiology of delinquent behaviors. Particular attention was paid to the incidence of these EEG patterns among nonepileptic juvenile recidivists and juvenile murderers. The most remarkable findings were that pentamethyl‐enetetrazol low threshold (seizure discharge activated by less than 250mg in a total dose and by less than 4.0mg/kg body weight) was found in nearly 1/3 of subjects, aged 18 or 19, and detained four times or more at the Yokohama Juvenile Classification Home and in nearly half of juvenile murderers in the same institution. These findings suggest that recidivism or homicide may frequently be related to an organic or functional change in the diencephalon. No relationship could be established between the 14 and 6/sec positive spike pattern and juvenile recidivism. The incidences of this pattern, anterior θ wave burst, and posterior slow waves were prominently decreased among subjects aged 18 to 19. These findings probably reflect continuing maturation within the second decade of life. On the other hand, the fact that all the five cases of Groups 4 and 5 who had these slow‐wave patterns showed also the low pentamethyl‐enetetrazol threshold was noteworthy, because they have committed homicides or were incorr

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1973.tb00085.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary1) The tolerance to the hypnotic effect of the diphenhydramine (Dph), one of anti‐histaminics, of normal subjects and psychiatric and neurologic patients was investigated on EEG data obtained in the routine EEG examination including Dph activation on 392 patients and 69 adult normal controls. EEG was recorded for 30 min following intravenous injection of 1 mg/kg body weight of Dph, and the time occupied by the stage of wakefulness and by each sleep stage were measured. The percent time waking EEG (% W‐EEG) was used as an index of the tolerance to the hypnotic effect of Dph.2) The mean with standard deviation (SD) of % W‐EEG of the 69 controls was 35.6±29.0%, with no differences in age and sex. The cyclothymic and immodithy‐mic normals showed higher % W‐EEG than those with the other types of personality.3) The means with SD of % W‐EEG following intravenous injection of Dph in various psychiatric and neurologic patient groups were as follows: 62.4±33.1% in 93 schizophrenics, 55.4±34.7% in 44 manic‐depressives, 71.1±31.4% in 143 psycho‐neurotics, 50.0±35.6% in 92 epileptics and 81.3±22.6% in 20 patients with organic brain diseases. They were all significantly higher than the % W‐EEG of normal controls. In the following pairs of groups, the former % W‐EEG was higher than the latter (P<0.05): between the patients with organic brain diseases and each of schizophrenics, manic‐depressives and epileptics; between schizophrenics and epileptics. No significant difference was found among the other groups.4) No significant difference was found between the % W‐EEG's of the following two different stages and cases in both schizophrenics and manic‐depressives: the aggravated stage with active mental symptoms and improved stage; cases showing favorable response to pharmacotherapy and those without satisfactory effect. In psychoneurotics, the % W‐EEG's were higher in hysteria, hypochondriasis, anxiety neurosis, obsessive‐compulsive neurosis in this order. Significant differences in % W‐EEG were found between either of hysteria or hypochondriasis and obsessive‐compulsive neurosis (P<0.05), but not between cases received EEG examinations in aggravated and improved stages. Among epileptics, the % W‐EEG of cases with psychomotor seizure was lower than that of cases with generalized convulsion, and the value was close to that of normal controls.5) From the finding mentioned above, it was demonstrated that some of the neuropsychiatric patients have higher tolerance to the hypnotic effect of Dph than normals. The higher tolerance was considered to be due not only to the clinical state of the patients but also to the predisposing factors or biological changes underlying the illness. The problems on the tolerance to D

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1973.tb00086.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryElectroencephalograms of 315 children attending a regular primary school were investigated. Using the authors' criteria for normality, the subjects were classified into two groups: 126 normal children and the other 189 children (“questionable” group). At the first examination, the recordings were obtained on all of the subject during awaking and on 281 during sleep. Out of these 315 children the second examinations were done on 81 children. Periods between both examinations varied from six months to three years.Results:(1) Localized spikes or spike‐wave complexes (localized seizure discharges): The localized seizure discharges were seen in 27 children (9%). Surprisingly enough, the incidence of the discharges were higher in the normal children (12%) than in the “questionable” group (6%).(2) 14–6 c/sec positive spikes:The patterns were found in 57% of the total sleep records: 52% in the normal children and 60% in the “questionable” group. Among the latter, the children with behavioral problems (71%) and with positive past history of head injury (63%) showed the patterns more frequently.(3) The constancy of these findings: Regarding the constancy of appearance of the localized seizure discharges and of 14–6 c/sec positive spikes, the comparison was done on the first and the second records on the 81 cases. As the results, out of 10 cases with the localized seizure discharges at the first examinations, four did not show them at the second, and therefore the discharges does not seem to be constant in occurrence. On the other hand, 14–6 c/sec positive spikes tended to appear rather constantly not only in the “questionable” group but

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1973.tb00087.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryRecent findings on depression and sleep mechanism all suggest that brain MA plays an important role. We conducted an acute/chronic administration, sleep poly‐graphy and behavioral observation using chronic cats in order to investigate the influence of isocarboxazid (ICZ) on the sleep. Concurrently, clinical studies were carried out in three cases in which sleep polygram was recorded continually.1. Preliminary experiments were performed preceding to animal experiments. In investigating the sleep in animal experiments, it is generally difficult to obtain reliable and stable results, with varied factors exerting influence. Under conditions employed by us, however, it was found that the feeding time and subsequent recording time have a great influence, judging from the individual difference, diurnal change and day‐to‐day change. Following animal experiments were conducted by selecting the feeding time (9.00 p.m.) and recording time (11.00 p.m.‐1.00 a.m.) during which a relatively stable PS%time can be obtained.2. In the drug‐administration experiments with two cats, ICZ 0.5 mg/kg/day and 1.5 mg/kg/day corresponding to the clinical doses were fixed, and experiment with the acute and chronic administration was performed three times each for each dose.(a) Except acute administration of 0.5 mg/kg/day, selective initial suppression of PS was observed (p<0.01) from the 2nd day to the 3rd day after administration, and its intensity tended to be almost parallel to the doses. Analysis of PS on the 3rd day with the chronic administration in which stronger initial suppression of PS occurred revealed that no significant difference was observed in the duration of individual PS episode but the incidence was decreased markedly (p<0.01).(b) In the chronic administration experiment, there appeared a relatively stable period both for PS%time and TS % time subsequent to the initial suppression.(c) The rebound phenomenon of PS was not found on the acute administration; however, it was observed on the chronic administration with the 2nd day after cessation of the administration as a peak, the intensity of which tended to be parallel to the intensity of the initial suppression.(d) As to SWS, supression was observed on the 1st day irrespective of the administration acute and chronic; however, no remarkable change was found thereafter.3. Interesting findings observed on polygram were as follows.(a) A phenomenon was observed in which the preceding PGO activity appears some two minutes 30 seconds ahead of the PS episode.(b) The delta band of the hippocampal activity showed a conspicuous sustained intensification,(c) There was observed a period during which theaband of the same hippocampal activity shows a transient intensification over a little less than six minutes. Further, the behavior of cats at this time did not differ from what it was during SWS.4. Sleep polygram was recorded on three depressed patients. The PS % time before the administration was shown to be reduced as compared with that on remission in two patients, and inversely it was increased in one patient. As for the clinical course following the chronic administration, a relatively stable period of PS appeared on the 6th day to the 10th day subsequent to the initial suppression of PS the same as in the results obtained with the animal experiments. At about this time the improvement of clinical symptoms and an increase in the quantity of movement were observed in all cases.5. If it is supposed on the basis of our results that the brain MA metabolism is disturbed by a certain mechanism in the brain process of depressed patients and subsequently the imbalance between the brain CA and IA causes sleep disturbance, the relatively stable period of the PS % time on the administration of MAOI may be considered to have resulted from the brain MA metabolism having reached a new equilibrium. Hence, our inference that this period itself might be related in one form or other to the treatmen

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1973.tb00088.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe clinical and histological features of a nine‐year‐old Japanese boy with a centro‐nuclear myopathy was described, who had been suffering from non‐progressive ble‐pharoptosis and generalized muscular weakness since the first months of life. The muscle biopsy of the patient showed a moderate variation in the diameter and a presence of numerous central nuclei frequently with a surrounding clear zone in 66.8% of the muscle fibers. Electron microscopically the changes of the myofibrils were minimal. There were aggregates of glycogen granules and mitochondria in a clear zone around the central nuclei.A review of the 31 total cases showed a lack of uniformity in the age of onset, genetics and clinical features, despite of the histological resemblance as the existence of central nuclei in a large proportion of muscle fibers. The question of whether more than one disease entity is included w

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1973.tb00089.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary(1) In both of the two cases associated with organic brain syndrome, which were presumably based on the frontal lobe damages, outstanding clinical improvements were observed by oral administration of L‐DOPA, 200 to 400 mg daily.(2) Case 1 showed marked depressive symptoms, such as emotional weakness, depressive mood, autistic tendency, apathy and lack of spontaneity due to severe frontal lobe damage by an automobile accident. Treatment with L‐DOPA improved his psychic symptoms. He acknowledged his thanks for the L‐DOPA treatment by his words that he felt he had regained his former self. When the drug was withdrawn, psychotic symptoms reappeared.(3) Case 2, who was associated with depressive psychic symptoms after carbon monoxide poisoning and whose pneumoen‐cepholographs indicated the presence of frontal lobe atrophy, showed remarkable elevation in his mood and in his activity level following administration of L‐DOPA. Psychic alterations were most outstanding 14 to 15 days after the commencement of L‐DOPA administration and the degree of elation tended to settle down corresponding to the decrease in the dosage.It can be concluded that L‐DOPA is also potent in some cases of suppressed emotion due to organic brain damages. A decrease in stimulation from damaged frontal lobe projected to noradrenergic system of the hypothalamus may cause hypofunction of the system and subsequently reflect the state of hypotonic affective disturbance. Administration of L‐DOPA may accelerate the synthesis of dopamine function to t

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1973.tb00090.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1973.tb00091.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1973.tb00092.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1973.tb00093.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY