摘要:

SummaryThe following are the results of an investigation on the brain potential changes simultaneously led from various cortical areas and the stimulated portion of the rabbits under light Dial‐urethane anesthesia, to whose lateral geniculate body a repetitive electrical stimulation was given.1. When a repetitive electrical stimulation is given to the dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body, either diphasic or tri‐phasic evoked potentials appear exclusively in the ipilateral visual area. If the stimulation is continued, either marked decline of the evoked potentials or the irregularity of the wave form is observed as the result. The cessation of the stimulation in this period causes the appearance of marked paroxysmal abnormal discharges with long duration following the stimulation.2. These discharges are the succession of α rhythm spikes of 8–13 cycles indifferent to the rhythm of the stimulation. The spikes are mostly of positive phase, and the potential gradually increases until it shows 0.5–2 mV. Then the discharges are usually followed by a low potential period, and the discharges in this period are limited to the ipsilateral visual cortex under optimal stimulation.3. The appearance of the discharges being strongly influenced by anesthetic as well as conditions of stimulation, deep anesthesia falls to show the discharges. The best condition for the discharge appearance with Dial‐urethane anesthesia is 10–30 V potential, 10–15 cycle frequency and 0.5 msec pulse duration.4. The portion to be stimulated best fitted for evoking the discharges are the dorsal nucleus of lateral geniculate body and the fibers involved in its cortical projection. No discharge of this type can be obtained from the ventral nucleus or preganglionic fibers.5. The parosyamal discharges are. classified under two types as to the mode of appearance and three types as to the mode of termination.6. A detailed estimination about the cortical portion with discharge appearance dixloses the possibility of an area slightly wider than regio striata, which is considered to be the visual cortex, including, ipsilaterally, the lateral part of regio retrosplenialis granuJiris, 3 and 4 of regio parietalis, and the junction between these and regio striata and, contralaterslly, the anterior lateral part of regio striata. In the latter instance, there appear some paroxysmal discharges of low potential with irregular spikes and mostly negative in phase, in‐as‐much different from that of the ipsilateral discharges.7. When either the stimulation is strong enough or the cortical excitation is accentuated, the discharge appearance is not limited to these areas, but they spread to the occipital, parietal and then to the frontal areas through the ipisilatteral cortex. Occasionally the march further extends to the contralateral areas. advancing in the same order as in the ipsihteral side. Such paroxysmal wave spread is usually preceded by the decline of the spontaneous braves.8. Although the proxysmal abnormal discharges appear not only in the ipsilateral visual areas but also in the dorsal nucleus of the lateral geniculnte body, itself respesenting stimulated portion, those of the lateral geniculate body trike place not always synchronous with those of the cortex.9. As to the process of the cortical response to the repetitive electrical stimulation there appear some diphasic belated discharges independent of the evoked potentials as the forerunner of the parosysmal discharges.10. We obtained some experimental data sufficiently secure in bringing up the conviction that the said pairoxysmal discharges are a phenomenon due to the electric resonance played in the rev

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1956.tb01085.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummarySleep was induced in dogs by a repetitive stimulation of low frequency (about 5C./sec.) low voltage (3 V.) current on the animal's thalamic inkgrating system. This experimental sleep is termed “thalamogenic sleep”.By taking simultaneous records of both cortical and subcortical EEG during the experimental sleep and giving it an electroencepha‐lographic interpretation, and further comparing it with the EEG patterns of the normal sleep and of that under barbiturate narcosis, the following results were obtained:1. The EEG records of a wake and resting animal consist of irregular patterns of low voltage (7–15C./sec.) waves showing no such rhythm resembling theaLrhythm in man. The EEG pattern from 20 th sec. after the beginning of stimulation gradually gets increased in the amplitude, and turn to slow waves. This change is more marked in the subcortex. From about 30 th sec. on, spindle bursts of about 12C./sec. appear synchronously at relatively regular intervals in the cortical motor area and somato‐sensory area. As a rule, spindle bursts are not detectable in the subcortical record, only occasionally accompanied by some superposing slow waves.With the advance of sleep, appearance of the spindle bursts gets rarer and, instead, high voltage slow waves of 1–3C./sec. predominate. These slow waves come out again more marked in the sulxortical EEG, wherein there are seen the succession of the voltage waves with amplitude often raised up to 330μV. The cessation of the stimulation at this moment does not cause the slow waves to disappear.2. The changes in the animal's behavior go nearly parallel with those in the EEG pattern. Particularis noticeable is the coincidence of both features under wake state. When the thalamic integrating system is activated with a stimulation of high frequency (30–90C./sec.), the animal wakes up and the EEG begins to show the arousal waves with that.3. With pulse duration kept constant, the factor which determines the variance between sleep and activating reactions is represented by frequency. By altering the frequency we are able to obtain both the sleep reaction as well as the activation reaction from the same portions at will.4. Dog's EEG and the process during the sleep induced by an electrical stimulation on thalamus agrees with the KEG and the process seen in the natural sleep, but different from those under barhiturate narcosis. Consequently, it is reasonable to regard the sleep caused by electrical thalamic stimulation as an induced form of the natural sleep, judged both from the clinical and the electroencephaloyraphic findings.5. At present we interpret the mechanism of thalamogenic sleep as follows: It is no other matter than synchronization of the diffuse cortical activity originated in the thalamic integrating system. This synchronization of the thalamic integrating system goes propagated not only to the cerebral cortex but also to the various sukortical regions, namely; striatum, hypothalamus and midbrain. This agrees with the fact that sleep is a functional depression not only of the cerebral cortex but of the whole brain including subcortex.Since synchronization of EEG is no other matter than the functional inhibition, thalamogenic sleep may be regarded as an extension of inhibition originated in the thalamic integrating system to the cerebral. cortex

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1956.tb01086.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1956.tb01087.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryHistamine was injected intravenously to nine subjects developing the florid LSD symptoms. It was found that in seven of nine cases the symptoms went inhibited markedly by merit of histamine.The changes in the LSD symptoms under that circumstance were described concretely. On the basis of the results obtained, standard of dose and epoch of histamine usage necessary for obtaining the expected effect was discussed.The inhibitory effect of histamine upon LSD reaction fell very much similar to that of the succinate and the nicotinic acid. In conclusion it is supposed that three drugs shall display their action ultimately in the realm of functional metabolism of the nervous tissues through a common effecting course.

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1956.tb01088.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe experimental results described hitherto are summirized as follows:1. In 17 normal healthy persons and 47 schizophrenic patients, the serum hesosamine content in the blood samples drawn from A. carocis int., V. jugularis int. and V. mediana cubiti was measured spectrophotometrically by the modified method ofElsonandMorganbyBlix.2. In the normal male subjects the hexosamine content averaged 85.4 mg% in the serum from A. carotis int., 87.8 mg% in the serum from V. jugularis int. and 93.6 mg% in the serum from V. mediana cubiti, while in the normal female subjects it averaged 88.1, 90.4 and 96.2 mg%, respectively. The average value of the hexosamine content in each serum was always larger in the female subjects than in the male.3. In 35 acute cases of the schizophrenic patients, the hexosmine content averaged 96.3 mg% in the serum from A. carotis int., 95.5mg% in the same from V. jugularis int. and 95.3 mg% in that from V. mediana cubiti, while in 12 chronic cases it averaged 92.7, 93.1 and 94.9 mg%, respectively. In all the schizophrenic subjects it averaged 95.7, 95.6 and 95.5 mg%, respectively. In the schizophrenic subjects as well as in the normal subjects, the average value of the hexosamine content in each of three kinds of sera was larger in the female cases than in the male.4. All the average values of the hexosamine content in the schizophrenic subjects, inclusive of the acute and the chronic cases, fell within the range of distribution of it in the normal subjects. In the schizophrenic subjects, however, the hexosamine content in the serum from A. carotis int., that in the serum from V. jugularis int. and that in the serum from V. mediana cubiti were nearly equal to each other, unlike those in the normal subjects and, therefore, their correlaton was horizontal. This horizontal correlation formed a striking contrast to that in the normal subjects, which showed a tendency increasing step by step. This point was thought to be a pathological finding characteristic of schizophrenina. This fact stood firm as well, though,Hambur ger'sphenomenon was taken into consideration.

ISSN:1323-1316    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.1956.tb01089.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1956

数据来源: WILEY