摘要:

ABSTRACT:The H‐Y (male) antigen is phylogenetically conserved among vertebrate species, including the species man. Previous studies have indicated the presence of a “soluble” H‐Y antigen in male serum and culture fluids of male cells. We examined over 50 samples of amniotic fluid from male and female fetuses to determine if H‐Y typing could be correlated with the sex of the fetus. Samples of amniotic fluid were tested to inhibit the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies in a standard H‐Y assay with protein A sheep red blood cells. We found that amniotic fluids from male fetuses inhibited 40% of the reactivity and that amniotic fluids from female fetuses inhibited 0.5% of reactivity. We could also correctly identify the sex of 90% of male fetuses and 100% of female fetuses. We have not yet identified the exact nature of the inhibiting antigen(s) in the amniotic fluids, but our results clearly indicate the feasibility of fetal

ISSN:0271-7352    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1983.tb00215.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Using both concanavalin A crossed‐line affinity immunoelectrophoresis and lentil lectin crossed‐line affinity immunoelectrophoresis, developmental changes of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) subfractions were studied in 11 samples of human amniotic fluid obtained between 43 and 121 days of gestation. In the amniotic fluid at 43 or 48 days of gestation, only subfractions produced by the yolk sac were evident. The initial appearance of the subfractions produced by the fetal liver was first detected at 51 days of gestation. Percentages of liver‐originated subfractions rose rapidly with gestational age and reached a level of 50% at 54 days of gestation. The subfractions produced by the yolk sac disappeared from the amniotic fluid at 121 days of gestation. These findings suggest that, in early gestation, the yolk sac is mainly responsible for the fetal AFP synthesis and that initiation of AFP production by the fetal liver takes place between 48 and 51 days of gestation. In the present study, attention was also given to the origin of four subfractions separated by the lentil lectin crossed‐line affinity immunoelectr

ISSN:0271-7352    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1983.tb00216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The fetus resulting from allogeneic mating in an outbred population such as man represents an antigenic graft against which the mother mounts an immune response. However, the type of immunity elicited by the “fetal allograft” does not appear to mediate graft rejection. This observation suggests that suppression of those types of immune responses that cause graft rejection may account for fetal survival. Allografts placed experimentally within the uterus appear to enjoy prolonged survival compared to grafts at other sites, and this latter finding suggests that localized suppression of graft rejection may exist within the uterus at the maternal‐fetal interface. Previous studies have shown that suppressor cells which develop in the lymph nodes draining the uterus (DLN, paraaortic and renal lymph nodes draining the uterus) of allogeneically mated C3H and CBA strain mice are small lymphoid cells that sediment at 3 mm/h in unit gravity; arise early during first pregnancy, reaching maximum activity near the time of implantation (“grafting”); selectively inhibit the generation of cytotoxic T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocyte—CTL—or killer T cells) in vitro and in vivo; and are absent in the DLN of CBA mice which spontaneously resorb their litters. Furthermore, this suppressor cell population appears to be concentrated within the uterine decidua, and both DLN and decidual suppressor cells are under hormonal control. We now report that initial onset of suppression in decidua occurs more rapidly than in DLN after mating. The suppressor cell population in both DLN and decidua is resistant to destruction by anti‐T serum plus complement and anti‐Ly sera plus complement, and preliminary studies show that suppressor cell activity is associated with a population of granulated small lymphocytes. A soluble suppressor activity can be obtained from the decidual lymphoid population similar to that obtained in studies of the DLN suppressor cell. Small numbers of suppressor cells can prevent the infiltration of sponge matrix allografts by cytotoxic T cells in vivo. Thus, a non‐T suppressor cell population may accumulate within the uterus and protect the fetal allograft from cell‐medi

ISSN:0271-7352    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1983.tb00217.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:The mammalian fetus thrives in the presence of a maternal immune system which is considered capable of initiating an aggressive reaction against alloantigens expressed on fetal cells. The control of harmful immunological reactions during pregnancy may be due in part to the combined action of soluble immunoregulatory factors and suppressor cells in the maternal/fetal environments. In the present investigation, a comparison has been made between naturally occurring splenic suppressor cells isolated from neonatal and pregnant adult CBA/J mice. Functional analysis of inhibitory activity was carried out using conventional one‐way allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) consisting of adult CBA/ J spleen cells responding against mitomycin C‐inactivated BALB/cJ spleen cells. Suppressor cells in the spleen of pregnant animals as well as a population of inhibitory cells in newborn spleen could be shown to be highly resistant to cytotoxic pretreatment with anti‐T cell serum plus complement. Both newborn and pregnant non‐T suppressor cells were shown to be agglutinated by the B cell‐specific lectin soybean agglutinin. The densities of these two populations of non‐T inhibitory cells, as determined by Percoll gradient centrifugation, were demonstrated to be very similar (ie, within the range of 1.067 to 1.043 g/ml). The striking parallels in the functional and phenotypic characteristics of the non‐T suppressor lymphocytes found in the spleen of pregnant and neonatal animals suggest a common mechanism for th

ISSN:0271-7352    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1983.tb00218.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Decidual cells are a distinctive cell population observed in the mammalian endometrium during pregnancy. Their appearance can also be induced with appropriate stimuli in the hormone‐primed pseudopregnant uterus. This review deals with their life history, including the dynamic morphological events during the process of decidualization, cytochemical markers for decidual cell reaction, the surface markers and functions of decidual cells, and, finally, the origin and fate of this cell class. The recent discovery of the bone marrow origin of decidual cell precursors adds a new dimension to decidual cell biology. Future studies of steps in the differentiation of the decidual cell lineage await the identification of unique lineage‐specific cell‐surface or cytoplasmic marker(s); a precise knowledge of decidual cell functions can only be obtained from a discriminating analysis using purified cell popula

ISSN:0271-7352    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1983.tb00219.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A major safety issue of contraceptive methods based on long‐term immunization is the possible effect of circulating immune complexes (CIC) on the arterial wall. We have measured CIC's in 24 monkeys, immunized against the β‐subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone (oLHβ), emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant, and in 7 nonimmunized controls by Raji assay, Clq assay, and an assay for rheumatoid factor. Eleven of the 24 immunized monkeys had CIC concentrations that were more than two standard deviations above the mean for controls in at least one of the assays. There was no correlation between antibody titer and CIC. Nine immunized and eight control animals on lowfat diets were killed to evaluate the effects of immunization on the artery wall. The cross‐sectional intimal area was measured at several sites from projected microscopic images using a sonic digitizer. No statistically significant differences between test and control groups were found. However, when we compared the upper half of the distribution of test and control animals, we found that the mean intimal area of the thoracic aorta of immunized monkeys was twice that of controls and that that of the abdominal aorta was three times as large. These data indicate that long‐term immunization against oLHβ induces CIC's in rhesus monkeys. Small increases in the intimal area were found in about half of the immunized animals. The results of this study suggest the need for a larger, more definitive study in which the diet is manipulated so that plasma lipids mimic those of human females in Weste

ISSN:0271-7352    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1983.tb00220.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:A mixed erythrocyte‐spermatozoa antiglobulin reaction (MAR test) for IgG antibodies has been done on semen specimens supplied by the male partners in 720 subfertile couples during a two‐year period. The test was possible in all except 69 patients (9.5%). Antisperm antibodies were detected in 48 (10%) of 484 men with normal sperm counts, 18 (23%) of 78 with low sperm motility, and 19 (15%) of 128 with low counts. In 204 patients, antisperm antibodies were also measured by serum sperm‐agglutination tests: The results showed a highly significant correlation with the results of MAR testing. It is concluded that the MAR test should be a routine part of seminal analysis, since the presence of IgG antisperm antibodies can be established in about 10% of men who might otherwise be passed as normal, and such antibodies can be positively excluded in a further 78% of the male partners of infertile marr

ISSN:0271-7352    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1983.tb00221.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Previous studies employing ultraviolet light‐induced (UV‐induced) and methylcholanthrene‐induced (MCA‐induced) tumors have elucidated the presence of three functionally denned groups of tumor antigens. One is the tumor‐specific transplantation antigens (TSTA), which represent the most potent tumor‐rejection antigens. The second is the tumor‐associated transplantation antigens (TATA), which appears to be etiology‐dependent (ultraviolet light‐UV‐or methylcholanthrene‐MCA) and is capable of acting as a rejection antigen following hyperimmunization. The third is the tumor‐associated antigens (TAA) which, to date, has only been defined by in vitro assays. The TAA appear to be present on all murine tumors tested. We feel that the TAA are functionally related to fetal antigens. In these experiments, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated from the popliteal lymph nodes of C3H mice immunized with a C3H, UV‐induced tumor (RD‐1024) were capable of causing specific lysis of not only the immunizing tumor but also of fetal fibroblasts (FFB) and placental cells (PC) obtained from syngeneic C3H × C3H matings. In cold‐cell inhibition experiments, unlabeled placental cells could abolish specific lysis of labeled placental cell targets, fetal fibroblast targets, and secondary tumor targets (LR80, a MCA‐induced tumor) while not inhibiting lysis of the immunizing tumor. Placental cells and fetal fibroblasts from 12‐day to 14‐day syngeneic C3H pregnancies were capable of eliciting a CTL response by footpad immunization of virgin C3H female mice. Anti‐FFB or anti‐PC CTL were capable of killing all tumors tested (UV‐induced or MCA‐induced) and were without H‐2 restriction as demonstrated by specific lysis of a BALB/c tumor. These results indicate that antigenic determinants present on 12‐day to 14‐day fetal and placental

ISSN:0271-7352    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1983.tb00222.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT:Early pregnancy factor (EPF) is produced by both maternal and fetal tissue1,2and has been detected previously only during pregnancy. The present report describes the detection of EPF, or an EPF‐like substance (tEPF), in serum from patients with germ cell tumors of the testis. tEPF, or its free components, tEPF‐A and tEPF‐B, were detected in all 11 patients with nonseminomatous tumors and in 5 of 10 patients with seminoma. It was not detected in serum from healthy male controls nor in patients with non‐germ cell tumors or benign testicular disease. It is suggested that tEPF may be an additional serum marker for germ cell tumors and may expand the group already detectable by such

ISSN:0271-7352    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1983.tb00223.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0271-7352    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1983.tb00224.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY