ISSN:0011-0035    

DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6978.1984.tb00642.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Computers have become an integral part of our lives and society; however, many people see them as being remote and difficult to understand. This article presents a brief introduction to computers and computing in an attempt to alleviate this concern. The topics discussed include the organization and hardware of computers (memory, central processor, input and output devices), data representation, computer software and programming languages, differences between computers (mainframes, minis, and micros), and computer communication and networking.

ISSN:0011-0035    

DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6978.1984.tb00643.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Recent computer‐assisted counseling systems have been designed to treat specific types of psychological problems for which clearly articulated treatment strategies are available. Examples of such systems are MORTON, a program designed to treat mild to moderate depression, and PLATO DCS, a program for the treatment of moderately difficult avoidance‐avoidance dilemmas. PLATO DCS and MORTON might be valuable for training counselors in treatment strategies for dealing with dilemmas and depression. In addition, counselor trainees can respond to these systems as clients and can use them as consultants. Computerization of other counseling techniques might lead to significant theoretical advances because technique must be clearly and concisely articulated to make computer applications feasible. Possible limitations of computer‐assisted counseling are discussed, including client and counselor acceptance of computers as therapists and the limited ability of the computer to understand natural lan

ISSN:0011-0035    

DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6978.1984.tb00644.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

CLIENT 1 is an interactive program that was designed to simulate client behavior in an initial interview and to provide a standardized environment for training and research on counselor problem‐solving strategies. Through interaction with the computerized client, counselors attempt to facilitate client movement toward the goal of verbalizing a specific problem statement. Client movement is a function of the appropriateness and accuracy of counselor statements, the threat value associated with both client and counselor statements, the strength of the relationship between the counselor and client, and an index of counselor expertise. The uses of the simulation in counselor education and research are discusse

ISSN:0011-0035    

DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6978.1984.tb00645.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article outlines the capacity of the microcomputer to help provide process feedback to counselors‐in‐training. Discussion is focused upon low cost equipment, innovative adaptation, and interaction of standard equipment commonly found in counselor training laboratory facilities. Advantages, limitations, and desirable features of each system are briefly discussed. Finally, possible system usage in counselor training is considered in light of the new potentials made economically feasible by advances in microcomputer technol

ISSN:0011-0035    

DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6978.1984.tb00646.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The declining costs of microcomputers will enable counselor education programs to take advantage of this medium in developing instructional programs and units. PILOT, an amazingly simple computer language, is outlined for producing computer‐assisted instruction (CAI). Authoring systems that internally contain the logic and programming necessary for the development of CAI lessons are discussed. Applications for training, especially simulations, are include

ISSN:0011-0035    

DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6978.1984.tb00647.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article examines the role of computer technology in counselor preparation. Three aspects of counselor training—acquisition of facts and theory, development of specific skills, and personal and professional development—are discussed in terms of the potential contributions and limitations of computers in training effo

ISSN:0011-0035    

DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6978.1984.tb00648.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article contains considerations of ethical questions related to use of computers, computer based information systems, computer assisted instruction, and related concerns for counselor education and practice. Ethical questions and issues are discussed in the areas of human dignity, confidentiality, professional development, curriculum, measurement and evaluation, career guidance, research and publication, counselor accountability, and administration and fee setting. The article proceeds from attention to general questions, through general and pointed discussion of topics, to a brief summary. Although most of the narrative focuses on counselor preparation, where appropriate, effort is made throughout to attend to related issues and concerns in professional practice. Reference is made throughout the manuscript to various sections of the1981 Ethical Standardsof the American Association for Counseling and Development.Massive advances in computer technology in general, and in computer‐based information and instruction programs for counselor preparation, in particular, have prompted the need for examining computer use in counselor preparation from an ethical perspective. Do existing ethical standards encompass sufficient principles or guidelines for appropriately incorporating and exploiting the advantages computers and computer software bring to counselor education? What are some new or refined areas of ethical concern related to computers and computerization? These are two major questions that warrant active and immediate attentio

ISSN:0011-0035    

DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6978.1984.tb00649.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Since the call for professional accountability in the early 1970s, counselors and counselor educators have attempted to assess counseling effectiveness, to upgrade programs as a result of assessments, and to communicate results of program assessment and change to their publics. Until recently, their efforts have been impeded by the interpersonal nature of counseling, insufficient training in research and evaluation, and available low‐cost computer technology. This article addresses each of the impediments with the focus on how present computer technology, specifically computer‐assisted systems, can be used to help counselors and counselor educators ethically input, store, and retrieve pertinent client and program data—data that can be used to achieve program evaluation and lead to accountable program development. The Counselor Accountability System is presented as an example of an easy‐to‐use computer program designed to facilitate counselor accou

ISSN:0011-0035    

DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6978.1984.tb00650.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article begins with a discussion of issues related to evaluating the acceptance and effectiveness of computerized approaches to counselor training. In view of the paucity of research on the use of computers in counselor training, the discussion focuses on the relationship between what is known about computer‐assisted counseling systems and comparable uses envisioned in counselor training. After discussing the need to evaluate the extent to which both students and educators accept the use of computers in training, the article examines computerized approaches in light of what Loganbill, Hardy, and Delworth (1982) indicate are three fundamental tasks of counselor training; to help students (a) to obtain pertinent knowledge and factual information, (b) to increase their self‐awareness, and (c) to develop skills. The article concludes with a discussion of several research opportunities that are made possible by computer applications to counselor train

ISSN:0011-0035    

DOI:10.1002/j.1556-6978.1984.tb00651.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY