ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Stable monocular and binocular vision and orthotropia are the prerequisites of the highest form of binocular vision, namely stereopsis. There are natural tests for examining stereopsis such as the three-rod test or the two-pencil test. Haploscopic tests are believed to deal with stereoscopy. Natural stereopsis is better with large interpupillary distance. In haploscopic tests, the results differ between contour stereotests and random-dot situations and from degeneration experiments in the visual cortex, a new hypothesis on anomalous retinal (cortical) correspondence is proposed. Different forms of stabismus are discussed.

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This article reviews the literature from the past year that deals specifically with different aspects of comitant strabismus. Although comitant strabismus encompasses many distinct clinical entities, the literature of the past year focused primarily on congenital esotropia and accommodative esotropia. We present informative reviews of many articles on these two subjects, and organize the material according to the particular emphasis of the work, including epidemiology, etiology, natural history, diagnosis, and management.

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Improvements in the management of strabismus are largely dependent on making the specific diagnosis and differentiating patterns of strabismus. This finding is especially true in the management of superior oblique paresis because there are various types. Recent observation suggests that superior oblique paresis may be associated with a lax superior oblique tendon and that the cause of the paresis is not always neurogenic. Some authorities have suggested using the traction test of the superior oblique to determine whether the superior oblique tendon is lax. If it is lax, the treatment of choice would be a tightening procedure of the superior oblique such as the superior oblique tuck. Adjustable-suture strabismus surgery has reduced the incidence of repeat operations; however, adapting the procedure to the fornix incision has been difficult. The use of a scleral traction suture that retracts the conjunctiva to expose the muscle suture area has been useful for fornix surgery. The rectus muscles supply circulation to the anterior segment via the anterior ciliary vessels, which are routinely interrupted during strabismus surgery. Various procedures have recently been described to preserve the anterior ciliary vessels, and these procedures will be useful in patients who are predisposed to anterior segment ischemia. In the 1950s, inferior oblique weakening procedures were deemed dangerous and unpredictable. Recent advances in the understanding of inferior oblique physiology and fascial relationships have inspired the development of a new inferior oblique weakening strategy—the anteriorization procedure. By moving the inferior oblique insertion from posterior to the equator or anterior, the inferior oblique muscle function changes from an elevator to neutral-vertical mover or a depressor. These recent contributions have advanced the surgical treatment of difficult and complicated strabismus.

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Drugs will assume a growing importance in the treatment of nystagmus and strabismic sensorial anomalies, but side effects should first be eliminated. New procedures have been proposed for abnormal head tilt in patients with nystagmus and inferior rectus complications. On the other hand, many classic procedures are reported to effectively manage inferior oblique muscle overaction and dissociated vertical deviation (DVD). Unfortunately, little has been found in the current literature about the action of these procedures on torsion. Association of DVD with vertical anatomical deviation (Brown's syndrome, “A” patterns, plagiocephaly) gives rise to intriguing clinical pictures. Critical analysis of the articles is increasingly arduous because it has been statistically demonstrated that 82% of the articles reviewed in three ophthalmological journals presented statistical analysis using eight different methods.

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

During the past year, there have been interesting communications about the differential diagnosis of isolated cranial nerve palsies in adults and children. Our understanding of the underlying defect in congenital fourth-nerve palsy has increased. The role of botulinum toxin A (Allergan, Irvine, CA) in the management of sixth-nerve palsy and the long-term prognosis for diplopia-free vision are better defined. The relief of compensatory head postures by means of surgery has been extensively studied and our understanding of abnormal movements in Duane's syndrome has been clarified.

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This review outlines many of the recent advancements in the understanding and management of the anophthalmic patient. A population-based study demonstrated that the annual incidence of enucleations for all causes was about 3 to 5 per 100,000. Application of expandable orbital implants appears to be promising in the management of microphthalmia or anophthalmia in infants to maximize orbital growth. Some reports on the use of hydroxyapatite enucleation implants are encouraging, with no major complications observed in one large series. Yet other reports of hydroxyapatite implant exposures, at a very concerning frequency, are also beginning to emerge. Few of the exposures heal spontaneously; however, infections or extrusions are very rare, and they are attributable to the porous composition of the implant. Conjunctival flaps alone are suboptimal in the management of exposures. Adjunctive autologous fascial grafts seem preferable to heterologous sclera in the management of these exposures. Magnetic resonance imaging of the hydroxyapatite implant appears to be superior to bone scan in the noninvasive assessment of vascularization of these implants. Further advancements are necessary to achieve a more optimal enucleation implant.

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The evaluation and management of orbital trauma continues to evolve. The application of plating systems for rigid fixation of complex orbital fractures has allowed the surgeon to reapproximate the normal bony anatomy to a greater degree than was previously available with wiring. Porous implants, including hydroxy apatite and porous polyethylene, have also been used in periorbital reconstruction with success. Improved resolution and new imaging modalities have not only allowed the clinician a better view of the traumatized orbit, but have also aided in developing an understanding of the complexities of the orbital apex and optic canal region. Other issues of trauma are also well represented in this year's literature. The clinician is reminded once again that, although certain patterns of trauma are recognized, all patients without exception must be carefully evaluated for occult ocular, periorbital, neurological, or systemic injuries. The sequelae and complications of orbital trauma are also important to remember, and should be reviewed with the patient and the patient's family during the initial evaluation. Excellent reviews of orbital implant and ocular motility complications are included in this year's literature.

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID