ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Color Doppler imaging (CDI) is a technique that provides colorencoded blood flow information on a gray‐scale two‐dimensional background. Although first reported in the investigation of orbital disease in 1979, it is only in the past 1 to 2 years that CDI has become established as a tool in the assessment of vascular disease of the eye and orbit. Discussed are clinical syndromes in which CDI has been shown to demonstrate abnormalities and also assist in diagnosis and determination of etiology.Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1993,4;VI:3‐6

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Papilledema is considered to be a result of raised intracranial pressure and other processes, in particular ischemia, and the role of optic nerve sheath decompression is significant in these disorders. The mode of action of this operation continues to provoke much debate and study of associated imaging and histological features. The visual consequences of traumatic optic neuropathy may now be amenable to therapeutic intervention, whether medical or surgical, but the natural history of this disorder remains poorly understood. Miscellaneous topics covered in this review include psychophysical testing in intracranial hypertension and many case reports of papilledema in unusual circumstances. During the review period, clinical articles abound but there is little experimental literature.Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1993,4;VI:7‐15

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Genetic, epigenetic, or disease‐related factors may change the morphology of the optic nerve. Ophthalmologists should consider the wide variation in the appearance of the optic discs when making a diagnosis. In several important morphometric studies on the optic nerve, aging and racial differences should be considered. Disc rim area decreases with age, with an annual loss of 4000 nerve fibers. Optic nerve aplasia and hypoplasia are not usually genetic but are developmental abnormalities. Neuroradiological evaluation is essential for detecting associated neurodevelopmental and endocrine abnormalities in patients with optic nerve hypoplasia, and photogrammetric evaluation is helpful for detecting mild cases. The extraordinary development of mitochondrial gene analysis in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy has demonstrated surprisingly large clinical and relatively slight genetic variation in this disease and has revealed the possible contribution of extramitochondrial factors. These points are discussed along with comments on some reports dealing with another condition that bears Leber's name‐‐Leber's congenital amaurosis.Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1993,4;VI:16‐21

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Important data on optic neuritis were collected in the course of evaluation of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial, but the discussion concerning the differential diagnosis, implications for treatment, and applicability of the results to multiple sclerosis continues. Modern neuroimaging techniques enable correlation of magnetic resonance imaging findings with clinical, electrophysiological, and morphological changes during acute inflammation of the optic nerve. New insights into the pathophysiology of optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis have not resulted in a breakthrough in the treatment of multiple sclerosis thus far. Important contributions were published on tumors affecting the visual pathways, such as optic nerve involvement in lymphoproliferative diseases, optic nerve sheath meningiomas, and optic gliomas. Whereas modern neuroimaging proves invaluable in managing patients with the first two disorders, optic gliomas remain puzzling to clinicians and neuroradiologists. New considerations emerge concerning the management of tumors affecting the suprasellar space, the skull base, and brainstem.Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1993,4;VI:22‐29

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;The measurement of visual function is central to neuro‐ophthalmological assessment. Due to vision's subjective nature, however, visual functioning is not directly observable. Instead, examiners must rely on psychophysical techniques to infer patient visual function. Suitability of the psychophysical technique plays a crucial role in the accuracy of the visual assessment. Basic psychophysical research is relevant to clinicians because it provides new or improved visual tests and a better understanding of visual function and disease. Because psychophysical techniques are difficult to use in uncooperative or nonverbal patients, related electrophysiological techniques are another important tool in the measurement of higher visual function. Visually evoked potentials measure the changing electrical activity over the cortex during visual stimulation, allowing the examiner to make inferences about the integrity of the underlying neural structures. We outline recent evolutions in psychophysical and electrophysiological methods and visual tests.Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1993,4;VI:30‐37

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;The cerebral cortex in primates is believed to contain multiple visual maps with an orderly network of interconnections. These maps process inputs from parallel subcortical channels. The current challenge is to interpret the human evidence within such a framework. Relevant data come from the anatomical and behavioral study of patients with focal lesions of the occipital lobe and adjacent temporal and parietal regions and from cerebral activation studies using techniques such as positron‐emission topography and magnetic resonance imaging.Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1993,4;VI:38‐47

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Although there are many confusing case reports on unusual ocular‐motor cases of nerve palsy, there is literature to illuminate this topic. A good evaluation usually gives the ophthalmologist an idea about the etiology. This review covers some important findings regarding this group of diseases. Results of superior oblique myokymia show that this disease is probably related to fourth‐nerve palsy and its improvement stage. There also have been some new reports on pseudomyasthenia gravis. The debate on the central or peripheral origin of sensory involvement in myotonic dystrophia continues, although there seems to be more evidence on the central origin of the ocular findings.Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1993,4;VI:48‐54

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Articles relevant to the topic of supranuclear eye‐movement control including anatomy, physiology, pathology, and clinicoimaging correlates are emphasized in this review. Significant contributions in human oculomotor physiopathology were published during this review period and are discussed specifically in the sections on saccades, pursuit eye movement, and optokinetic nystagmus. A very important section is devoted to eye‐to‐hand coordination. Advances in the understanding of congenital nystagmus also are reviewed.Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1993,4;VI:55‐61

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8738    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1993

数据来源: OVID