摘要:

In recent yearsthe development of the phenomenological (Stewart 1974) and prescriptive (Harvey 1973) approaches to the study of urban areas has increased the number of descriptive options open to the urban geographer. Undoubtedly these new methods have deepened our understanding of the complexity of urban areas, but it can be argued that these approaches are of little use to those with a positivist viewpoint who are concerned with providing consistent taxonomies or descriptions of urban character. Their basic problem is one of ensuring that the same set of descriptions or results would be obtained by any number of different investigators using the same data set. In studies of the dimensionality of urban social areas this requirement of consistency has led to factor analysis methods becoming the standard technical procedure in the field, primarily because these methods appear to provide the necessary objectivity and rigour needed by urban dimension and classification schemes. Moreover, they have the additional advantage of providing a choice between two distinct approaches: that of testing the adequacy of previous ideas or theories via common factor methods, and that of simply describing the maximum amount of variability of a data set by means of the component model. Unfortunately, the first option has rarely been used by urban ecologists, and despite the range of factor analysis procedures that are available (Harman 1976) practically all urban researchers have used one basic approach, namely the principal axes technique and component model (Clark, Davies, and Johnston 1974). It is well known that factors can be obtained from a given correlation matrix in a variety of ways so this restriction of effort to one procedurecouldmean that descriptions of the dimensionality of cities are technique‐dependent, in the sense that different factorial procedures could produce substantially different results from a single data set (Berry 1971; Hunter 1972). If these descriptions are technique‐dependent then any comparison between the factorial results of two studies of urban areas in which different factor procedures have been used can produce spurious conclusi

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1978.tb01523.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One of the more popular ideas in electoral geography is that there is a positive correlation between residential proximity and voting behaviour. Often referred to as the neighbourhood effect, the idea is quite simply that individuals within a given local area tend to vote similarly. The process involves, it is suggested, social contacts between neighbours leading to political discussion and information flow which exerts an influence on the way people vote. Closely related to, but distinguishable from the neighbourhood effect is the friends‐and‐neighbours effect whereby neighbours of a particular candidate will tend to know him better, discuss him more, and support him more avidly than they will other candidates. Since the concepts of the neighbourhood effect and the friends‐and‐neighbours effect have been adopted into the literature of political geography, and have become central as explanatory models for certain spatial patterns of voting behaviour,1the rather inconclusive and contradictory findings of researchers using these concepts require examination, and the concepts and process require an empiric

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1978.tb01524.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sincethe early 1950s there have been numerous studies which have attempted to determine the hierarchical structure of urban‐place systems. Although Harris and Ullman identified three general city‐forming functions, namely central place, transportation, and specialized, most urban‐place system studies since have been based on a measure of the central‐place function. Pred emphasizes the problem in his recent work,City Systems in Advanced Economies.He used the term “city systems” because his study is of the complete system and not just the central‐place portion of the system. I chose for this study the term “urban‐place system” for the same reason, but used “urban‐place” rather than “city” because the system contains towns, villages,

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1978.tb01525.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The major raison d'ětreof democratic governments, local and otherwise, is to provide public goods and services that their citizens wish to have and for which they are willing to pay taxes. However, it is not feasible or expedient for individuals to choose types and amounts of public goods that they wish to “consume” at a given “price” as they would for products sold on the market place‐because public goods are non‐rival and/or non‐excludable, and/or they generate externalities. Therefore, decisions regarding public goods and the taxes to pay for them have to be placed in the hands of representatives who are entrusted with the task of articulating the citizens' c

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1978.tb01526.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A decade ago Simmons (1968) reviewed studies in “an important, but relatively neglected, aspect of migration, namely changes in residence that take place within a city.” Since the appearance of Simmons' review intra‐urban residential mobility has generated a burgeoning literature underpinned by the assumption that it is a significant mechanism contributing to the structuring of urban space. The literature focuses principally on residential relocation and its identification as a process rather than as a set of events to be explained. Central to the process orientation is the assumption that changes of residence are the expression of a set of decisions made by households. The major deficiency of the literature to date is its failure to specify an appropriate context within which to analyse such deci

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1978.tb01527.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Reply to “Images of the Prairie: Landscape Painting and Perception in the Western Interior of Canada,” an article by Ronald Rees inThe Canadian Geographer, xx (1976), 259–78.RonaldReeshas suggested that insight into the history of pioneer settlements might be gained by studying the paintings of some artists who depicted the prairie. Pointing out that his essay is actually “a study of the perception of artists only,” he surveys briefly a number of prairie landscape painters active during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with the intention of demonstrating possible changes in the “perceptual environment” on the basis of depictions of the prairie made during the last

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1978.tb01528.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Silenceis the correct response to an unflattering critical commentary that does not misrepresent one's views. But for a commentary that seems to have sprung from a complete misreading of the text, one can only reply loudly and at length. I will deal with the criticisms levelled by Professor Ironside in order of occurrence.

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1978.tb01529.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

TheOrangevilleand Oak Ridges moraines have long been considered the main Iandforms constructed during the initial deglaciation of southern Ontario. Recent mapping and stratigraphic studies indicate that they were deposited rather later than the initial phase of deglaciation. This note briefly describes some of these recent developments.

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1978.tb01530.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1978.tb01531.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Planning and Development: A Case of Two Nova Scotia Communities, by A. PaulProssStudy of Spatial Industrial Complexes, by StanCzamanskiwith DanielCzamanskiThe Agricultural Economy of Manitoba Hutterite Colonies, by JohnRyanMankind's Future in the Pacific, ed. R.F. ScagelPopulation Change in the Pacific Region, ed. YunshikChangand PeterJ. DonaldsonThe Political Geography of Federation. An Inquiry into Origins and Stabilityby RasmeshDuttaDikshitColonial Urban Development: Culture, Social Power and Environment, by AnthonyD. KingMorphogenetics of Karst Regions: Variants of Karst Evolution, by LaszloJakucsSoil and Vegetation Systems, by S.T. Trudgill

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1978.tb01532.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY