摘要:

L'utilisation efficace des espaces consacrés aux loisirs et l'optimalisation de la satisfaction des usagers exigent la compréhension des relations entre ceux‐ci et leur environnement. Cet article explore les liens entre 1'attraction d'un site de camping en milieu forestier etI'ambiancequi y règne. On montre d'abord comment cette notion d'ambiance peut‐être mise en ceuvre à travers le concept écologique de structure de la végétation forestière. L'étude montre ensuite le rôle important que jouent ces caractéristiques structurelles dans le choix d'un site pour l'usager. Ce choix est le résultat de stratégies qui, tout en s'adaptant aux particularités du milieu, visent la satisfaction de certaines préférences fondamentales du campeur.The most efficient use of a recreational area as well as the optimization of user satisfaction require the elucidation of the relationships between recreationists and their environment. This article investigates the links between the attractiveness of camping sites in a forest environment and theambiancewhich characterizes these sites. It is first shown how the notion of ambiance can be operationalized through the ecological concept of forest structure. Then the study points out the role of this structural dimension of a forest environment as a factor of the user's choice. This choice results from strategies which are aimed at the satisfaction of some of the camper's fundamental preferences while, at the same time, being adapted to environme

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1982.tb00830.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In northern Samaria, Arab settlement has expanded by a process of colonization from parent villages during the past century. The changes in settlement patterns were analysed and the relative tendencies for randomness, regularity, and clustering were then estimated by variance/mean ratios, to test whether the settlement process can be explained by Hudson's three‐stage model for rural settlement. No definite answer could be given, because the effects of soils and terrain were dominant in all parts of the area, but the finding that the settlements tend to be grouped even in the initial stage suggests that Hudson's theory is inadequate.Au nord de la Samarie, la colonisation Arabe s'est étendue par un processus de colonisation de villages parents pendant le dernier siècle. Les changements dans les forms de colonisations ont été analysés et les tendances relatives pour caractère de regularité, caractère à l'aléatoire, et caractère d'accumulation ont allors été estimées par proportions de variation/moyenne, pour examiner si le processus de colonisation par trois phases de Hudson peut être expliqué pour le modèle de colonisation rurale. Une réponse définitive n'a pas pu être donnée parce que les effets de sol et reliefs étaient dominants dans toutes les parties des environs, mais le résultat que les colonisations ont tendance de se grouper même dans la phase initiative suggère que la théor

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1982.tb00831.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cobble features near Terrace Bay, Ontario, traditionally described as ‘raised beach ridges,’ are investigated to establish the extent to which they exhibit characteristics substantiating the assumption of a wave‐formed origin. Detailed examination of their plan orientation, profile, and pattern does indicate a wave‐formed origin, with little evidence of shore ice activity during their formation or of sub‐aerial modification since. Localized angular materials and topographic discontinuities suggest that surface morphology represents the compound effect of rare high magnitude storm wave events over the last three thousand years.L'auteur étudie les formations de galets près de Terrace Bay, Ontario ‐ ce qu'on désigne généralement comme des «cretes de plage soulevée≫ ‐ afin d'établir dans quelle mesure elles présentent des caractéristiques qui permettent de justifier l'hypothèse selon laquelle elles seraient le résultat de Faction des vagues. De l'examen approfondi du plan vertical, du profil, et de la disposition des formations, on peut en effet conclure à une origine due à l'action des vagues; peu d'indices de l'action de la glace de rive durant la formation, ou de modifications subaériennes par la suite, ont été relevées. La présence de matériaux anguleux dans les environs et les discontinuités topographiques suggèrent que la morphologie de surface est le résultat de l'effet combiné, lors des derniers trois mille ans, de vagues de tempêtes except

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1982.tb00832.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The internal structure of the city is in part determined by the nature of public institutions, including the manner in which governments tax households. Using the graphical consumption theory of land rent, it is demonstrated that the geography of the city differs between places where deductions are allowed and places where they are not allowed. Changes in mortgage interest payment deductions can offset changes in mortgage interest rates. Without countervailing planning policies, mortgage interest deductions may also provide an impetus for urban decay.La structure interne de la ville est partiellement déterminée par les institutions publiques, y compris la méthode utilisée par les gouvernements pour déterminer l'impôt sur le revenu. La théorie graphique de la consommation du loyer des terres démontre que la structure interne d'une ville est différente entre les lieux où les paiements d'intérêt d'hypothèque peuvent être déduits du revenu pour atteindre un revenu imposable réduit, et les lieux où telles déductions ne sont pas permises. Les changements du paiement des déductions d'intérêt d'hypothèque peuvent compenser pour les changements de taux d'intérêt d'hypothèque. Sans contrevaloir les prévisions d'organisation, les déductions d'intérêt d'hypothèque peuvent aussi fournir l'

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1982.tb00833.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Editor's NoteThe following article was written by Chun‐fen Lee, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Geography in the East China Normal University, Shanghai, during his tenure as a Fulbright scholar in the United States in 1980. Minor editing was done by Marie Sanderson, University of Windsor.Professor Lee has a special tie with Canada. He was a student of Griffith Taylor's, with whom he is shown in Figure 1, and in 1943 received the first PhD in geography awarded by the University of Toronto.Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, geographical education in universities and colleges has made a great deal of progress: in the establishment of specialized geography departments, in the training of teachers and geographical workers (some 40,000 in all), and in the publication of geographical textbooks. These were the main accomplishments of Chinese geographers during this period 1949–81, but we also experienced setbacks and traversed a tortuous road.Long before liberation in 1949, the first department of geoscience in China was founded in 1919 in the Higher Normal College of Nanking (now the University of Nanking) with Dr Co‐ching Chu, a climatologist from Harvard, president of the Geographical Society of China and vice‐president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, as the head. There were then three sections in the department, of which geography was one. In the 1920s and 1930s several more geography departments were established. Until liberation, however, the departments were few and small, generally with a full‐time faculty of fewer than 10 and an enrollment of some 20–50 students. Most of the graduates became teachers in the middle (or secondary) schools.After liberation, China entered a new stage of development in socialist revolution and socialist construction. By 1952 economic restoration was nearing completion and the first five‐year plan was about to begin. In order to adapt to the needs of national construction, higher educational institutions underwent a nation‐wide adjustment. Geography departments were classified into two categories: those in the comprehensive universities which concentrate on the training of specialized workers, and those in the normal colleges and normal universities, where teachers for the middle schools are trained. Only the geography departments of the two major normal universities (Peking Normal and East China Normal) do not fit this pattern. They might be regarded as an intermediate type of institution in which the functions of the comprehensive university and the normal college are combined.There are now about 35 departments of geography in China, most of them of a size that would have been undreamed of in the pre‐liberation period. In each department there are about 100 to 300 geography majors and a faculty of 30 to 100, though most of the faculty members are assistants and instructors; there are rarely more than 20 professors and associate professors in a department. A number of the better equipped and stronger departments are now offering graduate programmes as well. Generally, it takes two to three years for the master's degree; the first one and a half to two years for course studies, including a foreign language, and the third for thesis work. Upon graduation, the more promising students are selected to proceed into do

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1982.tb00834.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Regions having high solar radiation are often considered to have to greatest potential for the use of solar energy in the space heating of buildings. Areas with severe cold climates and high energy demands are usually overlooked, because of the natural assumption that solar energy cannot be effective there, on its own. Yet, such a simple view may reduce the incentive for implementing solar energy technology in regions where its contribution can be very significant.In this essay I provide a climatological evaluation of the potential for residential solar space heating across the contiguous United States and southern Canada. For analysis, long‐term mean climatological data will be used and certain house and solar collection system characteristics will be assumed and held constant for all locations. Note, however, that the performance of an individual solar system at a specific site requires a detailed simulation model (for example, see Klein et al., 1976) and comprehensive analysis of the solar climate (Hay, 1977). The simplified procedure in this study is intended to serve a broad energy planning purpose, by providing an assessment of the geographical regions where residential solar heating should be most encourage

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1982.tb00835.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During the 1970s it became clear that earlier forecasts of population increase and urban expansion in the Niagara region were too great. There has been a steady decline in the national birth rate since the 1950s and a decline locally in the rate of net in‐migration. Moreover, a worsening economic climate, increasing development costs, and greater planning restrictions have led to a decline in the rate of land conversion from rural to urban uses. These changing circumstances afford an opportunity to plan for more compact urban areas and thus protect the area's valuable agricultural land. However, attempts to achieve these ends have been constantly frustrated by a regional and local planning process which has been loath to recognize such a conservationist cause or the need to plan for slower growth. In this report I will review three issues: the changing trends in future urban growth in the Niagara region; the regional plan and the designation of future urban areas; and the problems that have contributed to conflict and delay in approving that pla

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1982.tb00836.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the preceding essay, Gayler has traced and explained part of the tortuous, long‐delayed progress towards an effective regional land use plan over the Niagara fruit belt. As population and expansion projections diminished, excessive amounts of land were requested by the several municipalities and by the regional council. These demands were not greatly reduced after lengthy Ontario Municipal Board (omb) hearings, but the board's decision offers some limited hope that the remaining lands will remain under agricultural uses. This proposition will be examined in this paper, with particular reference to the nature and character of the omb decisio

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1982.tb00837.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Canadian Urban Growth Trends: Implications for a National Settlement Policy, by IraM. RobinsonRational Landscapes and Humanistic Geography, by EdwardRelphGeography and the Environment: Systems Analytic Methods, by A. G. WilsonT.C. Meredith, McGill UniversityAlluvial Fans: An Attempt at an Empirical Approach, by A.H. RachockiJohnShaw, University of AlbertaHistorical Plant Geography: An Introduction, by Philip Stott, Allen and Unwin, WinchesterBiogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach(3rd Edition), by C. Barry Cox and Peter D. MooreO.W. Archibold, University of Saskatchewan

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1982.tb00838.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY