ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1955.tb01757.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe transfer of Petsamo Province from Finland to the Soviet Union following World War II isolated northern Finland from the ocean and cut it off from overseas trade.Between the two World Wars the Petsamo corridor was used as a means for exporting Finnish lumber, and importing fuels and other supplies. It also provided the basis for a thriving tourist trade. There was the beginning of hydro‐electric development of the Pasvik River, not only to supply power for the new Petsamo nickel industry, but also to further development of the whole region.During the decade immediately following World War II, the loss of Petsamo, serious though it was, did not make its full impact on the area's economy. There was a heavy demand for labour needed in reconstruction of devastated Lapland, and Finnish contractors were busy constructing Soviet power plants on the Pasvik River.This post‐war boom period has now ended. Unemployment is severe, and the Finnish government is anxious to develop the resources of Arctic Finland by using seaports on the Norwegian coast. The present paper surveys the physical, economic and political factors involved in this and discusses the best routes to the sea‐coast. The possibility of establishing in northern Finland not only a sawn lumber industry, but the manufacture of wallboard and other wood products is discussed, along with the part to be played in this by Norwegian hydro‐electric power.Should Finnish trade through Norway expand appreciably, there should be a demand in Finland for fish and other products of the Finnmark province of Norway and a corresponding improvement in the highly seasonal economy of the Norwegian coast

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1955.tb01758.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1955.tb01759.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1955.tb01760.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1955.tb01761.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1955.tb01762.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSince the early days of the colonial period, the Richelieu Valley has shared in the formation of the Quebec landscape and has reflected, often quite strikingly, the elements that have been associated with its development. Three graduate geography students associated with the Committee on Physical Planning at McGill University, studied the area in 1951–1952 and presented theses on the land use, historical evolution, and urban development of the valley. These have been traced through six historical periods: pre‐1761, 1761–1815, 1815–1839, 1839–1867, 1867–1914, 1914 to the present.Under the French Regime, virtually the entire drainage area of the Richelieu River, extending from the southern fringes of Lakes George and Champlain to the very gates of the St. Lawrence and Montreal, was a vast “no‐man's land”. Apart from the forts, the early settlements were limited to the river banks below the Chambly portage, which was connected to Laprairie, opposite Montreal, by one of the first roads built in Canada.The early British rule brought paradox and profit to the Richelieu. Political ambitions from the south went hand in hand with commercial intercourse, military considerations for the protection of the St. Lawrence were compromised by the ties of the Anglo‐Saxon settlements advancing down‐valley to meet the older French movement from the St. Lawrence, and the defensive centres of the previous regime at St. Jean, Chambly and Sorel, now became the strongholds of a Loyalist group in a French Canadian rural environment.The next period saw the first steam railroad in Canada built between Laprairie and St. Jean, recognizing the commercial value of the southern part of the river route, the beginning of the Chambly Canal, and the evolution of urban centres outside the requirements of military protection. Commercial agriculture and local industries witness the maturity of settlement.By 1867 land occupancy was virtually complete, and the peak in rural settlement had occurred. The institutional fabric of the urban centres developed rapidly in this period, while industry was still of only limited importance. Modern industrialism arose in the next period which also saw a rapid increase in urbanization and declining rural population.The most recent period has witnessed an accentuation of those ties which have cut across traditional valley relations, and brought the centre of the valley within the orbit of metropolitan Montreal. The urban centres have developed distinctive characteristics, and have their own particular problems associated with their industrial structures and physical morphology. Local agricultural specialization have accompanied these changes. These are representative of tendencies that pervade much of the contempo

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1955.tb01763.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1955.tb01764.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

RESUMEBien que peu connues, les répercussions de l'industrialisation sur les faits de religion dans le Québec sont très profondes. Nous voulon présenter celles qui se rapportent à la structure de certains groupes et institutions, tels la paroisse, les fidèles et les clercs. En géographes, nous avons une préoccupation écologique: nous étudions les structures en fonction de leurs milieux naturel et social. Nous nous en tiendrons au diocèse représentatif de Trois‐Rivières. Nous ne nous occuperons que de l'Englise catholique et de son évolution depuis 60 ans.Les 200, 000 catholiques de diocèse résident dans la vallée du Saint‐Maurice, la plaine laurentienne et les Laurentides locales. L'industrialisation a provoqué une forte augmentation de la population totale (65, 000 à 200, 000), un accroissement extraordinaire du peuplement de la vallée (10, 000 à 132, 000), une proletarisation des diocésains, une urbanisation prononcée (67% en 1952), une augmentation du nombre de catholiques par prêtre (de moins de 1, 000 à 1, 200), une inadaptation du clerc aux nouvelles conditions naturelles et sociales: le prêtre est fils de cultivateur dans la proportion de 40% et il vient de la plaine ou des Laurentides dans 68% des cas alors que le fidèle réside surtout dans la vallée (65%) et il appartient aux groupes salaries ou artisanaux (66%). L'urbanisation a aussi accentué les différences entre les situations rurale et urbine. Les 2/3 des paroisses et la moitié des prêtres engagés dans le ministère se trouvent à la campagne alors que les 2/3 des fidèles sont en ville. A la campagne, la densité des fidèles est faible (20 au mille carré); aucune paroisse n'est trop posse; seulement 20% des prêtres sont surchargés; il y a 600 catholiques par prêtres. En ville, la densité moyenne est de 10, 000 catholiques au m.c.; la moitié des paroisses sont trop grosses; 80% des fidèles vivent dans ges paroisses trop populeuses; 85% des prêtres dans le ministère sont surchargès; 75% des fidèles sontdesservis par des prêtres surchargés; on compte 1, 650 catho‐liques par prêtres engagés dans le min.La structure paroissiale de l'Englise n'est pas adaptée au nouveau genre de vie.La diminution de la vitalité r

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1955.tb01765.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSouthern Ontario, comprising about 50,000 square miles, provides the bulk of the agricultural wealth of Ontario. The soil resources in Southern Ontario are widely variable as a result of wide variations (1) in glacial drift from which the soils developed, (2) in topography and natural drainage, and (3) in climate. There are eight different great groups of soils, each group having its own peculiarities in regard to agricultural adaptability.In land use planning, the natural limitations of the land must be recognized. Problems such as inadequate drainage, excessively steep topography, low fertility and moisture holding capacity, as well as excessive stoniness and frequent rock outcropping seriously limit agriculture in certain parts of Southern Ontario. At the present time, only 25 per cent of the area is cropped but it is estimated that the present acreage of crop land could be increased by 20 per cent with proper management to overcome the hazards to cultivation. On the other hand, production could be increased by 50 to 100 per cent, without reclaiming new land, if known methods of good soil management were applied to all farms.

ISSN:0008-3658    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1955.tb01766.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1955

数据来源: WILEY