摘要:

Democratic social engineering was a method of social control utilizing the small group, discussion, leadership, and participation of the objects of control. Grounded in late 19th‐century progressive education, pragmatic philosophy, and the social sciences, the technique was especially prominent between 1917 and 1945. Case studies of the foremen's clubs, the Golden Age clubs, pediatrician Benjamin Spock, and Kurt Lewin describe and analyze the practice of democratic social engineering. They serve as a backdrop for a concluding discussion of alternative

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00211.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

I believe Professor Graebner (1986) has made a well‐designed intervention to manipulate us readers into a rather one‐sided understanding of some of the blends of Deweyian education, social group work, Lewinian applied group dynamics, and industrial personnel work that lived side‐by‐side and were intermeshed in the practices of many professional and “amateur” (e.g., parents) practitioners. Although some of this mixture that he calls “democratic social engineering” includes the ideas of “objects of control” and group decision with a predetermined influence objective, for many others it includes the idea of coparticipants in a problem‐solving process in which, as Douglas MacGregor formulated it, “the member will be open to influence from the leader to the degree he perceives the leader is open to influence from him.” In other words, it assumes reciprocity of influence, with an emphasis on listening, seeking, and using feedback from each other as peers and member‐leader relations. Mary Follett, Edward Lindeman, John Dewey, and Kurt Lewin all subscribed to this basic assumption about the meaning of interpersonal democracy. And the National Training Laboratory (NTL) was founded on these tenets. Accordingly, I believe several issues of social influence dynamics are somewhat c

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00212.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This essay explores the complex relationship among gender, professionalization, and ideology that developed as psychologists mobilized for World War II. Upon being excluded from mobilization plans by the male leaders of the profession, women psychologists organized the National Council of Women Psychologists to advance their interests. But while their male colleagues enjoyed new employment opportunities in the military services and government agencies, the women were confined largely to volunteer activities in their local communities. Although women psychologists succeeded in gaining representation on wartime committees and in drawing attention to their professional problems, they were unable to change the status quo in psychology. Situated in a cultural milieu that stressed the masculine nature of science, women psychologists were hampered by their own acceptance of a professional ideology of meritocratic reward, and remained ambivalent about their feminist activities.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00213.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In their perceptive and closely reasoned attempt to delineate “the complex relationships between gender, professionalization, and ideology” that evolved within the American psychological profession during World War II and to “further expose the processes that produce and legitimate separate spheres of activity for men and women,” Capshew and Laszlo (1986) provide a fresh, thought‐provoking perspective from which to view “the woman problem,” as it was initially dubbed by E. G. Boring (1951). They present data drawn from historical, statistical, and autobiographical sources, assess the relative influence of possible causal factors, and draw conclusions consonant with their basi

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00214.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Because women are the majority sex, it has been easy to avoid seeing gender discrimination as an example of prejudice. As men and women are in constant contact with each other, it has been possible to avoid viewing the problems of discrimination in a vein similar to those of racial discrimination. Yet if we refer to Allport's 1954 contact hypothesis, we see that he said, “Prejudice … may be reduced by equal‐status contact between majority and minority groups in the pursuit of common goals. The effect is greatly enhanced if this contact is sanctioned by institutional supports … and if it is of a sort that leads to the perception of common interests and a common humanity between members of two groups”

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00215.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Emerging conceptions of authoritarianism, their transformation, and their fate are traced through the recent history of social psychology. The issue was first formulated around 1930 by Wilhelm Reich in an attempt to combine Freudian and Marxist ideas into an explanation of political developments in Germany. Erich Fromm pursued the idea further in the analysis of a questionnaire study of German workers, and later in his book Escape from Freedom (1941). Subsequent work by the Frankfurt Institute merged with research at Berkeley and produced The Authoritarian Personality (1950). Initially received enthusiastically, the theory gradually succumbed under the impact of two different lines of attack. This series of transformations in changing historical contexts points both to the need for a better historical understanding of our discipline and to some unresolved questions in our approach to its subject matter.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

I agree with Professor Samelson (1986) when he says that both the social behavior of our research subjects and the questions that we as investigators ask are affected by the course of history. And certainly the development and vicissitudes of the concept of authoritarianism make a good case in point.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00217.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article examines the value of social history for researchers interested in current social problems. It reviews the critiques of early leaders of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) of a particular problem area—social power—and surveys research practices subsequent to these criticisms to see if there was any response to them. The impact of ignoring specific individual and global circumstances, and the effect of implicit theories and unexamined definitions, are considered as factors impeding the development of a truly problem‐focused social psychology. An integration of social history, the sociology of knowledge, and social psychology is suggested as an alternative to the search for “timeless

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00218.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00219.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00200.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY