ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb00771.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Current federal legislation has established nursing homes as part of the medical health‐care system rather than as community‐based institutions. The associated regulations allocate resources and provide services in a manner that emphasizes meeting the medical requirements of the individual, often at the expense of his social and psychological needs. Further, the quality of life that can be provided in nursing homes receiving public funds has been determined in large part by the kind of bureaucracy mandated by federal legislation and the supporting state standards of operations required for certification. The resulting organization constricts the range of options open to the individual in such settings, fostering psychological and economic dependency. Considerations for an alternative, person‐focused public policy are presented that would function to maintain a more optimal level of independence for the el

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb00772.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a period of increasing concern about the effectiveness and the cost of social welfare services, this paper discusses two strategies which might be thought to improve the relationship between the expected and the actual outcome of encounters with social service bureaucracies. They are client choice and bureaucratic accounting procedures. The discussion is based on data from a research project in the field of child welfare. The discussion about choice illustrates the issues of the conditions necessary for authentic choice, the limits of choice, and the corruptibility of choice. The discussion of accountability includes a description of the factors which thwart effective accounting and some suggestions for improving the process.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb00773.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One way of measuring public agency effectiveness is through the criterion of client satisfaction. The use of satisfaction as an outcome variable has a long history in the organizational psychology literature and a shorter history in the development of subjective social indicators of the quality of life. In general, satisfaction levels in all areas—job, life, government agencies—are higher than anticipated by researchers and the lay public, do not yield much variation among social classes, job categories, or agency experiences, and tend to be more favorable when own experience is assessed rather than when others' experiences are assessed. Several strategies are suggested by which researchers have tried or might try to improve satisfaction studies. These include forsaking subjective outcome measures for objective outcome measures, trying to develop a “better” measure of satisfaction, using facet‐specific measures of satisfaction rather than global, general measures, using other words with similar meanings (e.g., happiness, contentment), and exploring the cognitive meaning of satisfaction for respondents. The last strategy is endorsed as a relatively untried but potentially fruitful

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb00774.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Participant observation and interview methods were used to study the informal typing decisions of parole officers employed in urban branch offices of a state parole agency. The data show that routine career contingencies determine not only the typology but also the nature of the typing decision. In general, parole officers are punished and rewarded on the basis of how much or how little trouble their caseloads cause the parole agency. To minimize this trouble, parole officers must control their parolees in an absolute sense. To control parolees in an absolute sense, parole officers misuse the informal typing system. The essay describes the data on which typing decisions are made, the decisionmaking process, and three types of parolees: dangerous men, noncriminals, and clients. Finally, the phenomena are related to Merlon's theory of the bureaucratic personality.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb00775.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reports the findings of a study of the bureaucratic processing of emotionally disturbed children. It focuses on the components of bureaucratic decisionmaking and evaluation which determine the biographical documentations of clients constructed by mental hospital staff. Specifically, bureaucratic practioners of child psychotherapy engage inco‐deviant labeling:a labeling process which places responsibility for the child's pathology on the parents and casts the parent into the role of “co‐patient.” Institutional evaluation ostensibly designed for the recipient of service—the child—is extended to the child's parents, most often without their knowledge. Co‐patient labeling is shown to affirm the ideological assumptions of instit

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb00776.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ordinary ambiguity of clients' membership in service organizations is heightened when lay members of an organization's service community or catchment area are made members of its service staff. It is further heightened when the methods of training, supervising, and governing staff resemble the methods of serving or treating clients. The ethos or culture of the early community mental health movement promoted an extreme form of this ambiguity: an expressive openness between and equality of clients and staff, and a structural openness which allowed easy movement from the client role to the staff role and vice versa. A service organization of this kind would conflict with a more traditionally bureaucratic and professional organization, but an organization containing both community and traditional mental health ideologies contains a destructive form of culture conflict within itself. In such a self‐contradictory organization the structural ambiguity of the client role cannot be adequately understood without first examining the nature of this culture conflict; this is the purpose of our ethnographic analysis of a community mental health cente

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb00777.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The intense involvement with clients required of professional staff in various human service institutions includes a great deal of emotional stress, and failure to cope successfully with such stress can result in the emotional exhaustion syndrome of burn‐out, in which staff lose all feeling and concern for their clients and treat them in detached or even dehumanized ways. This paper focuses on the role that clients themselves play in staff burn‐out. Important client factors include the type and severity of the clients' problems, the prognosis of change or cure, the degree of personal relevance for the staff member of the clients' problems, the rules governing staff‐client interaction, and the clients' reactions to the staff themselves. Changes in the structure of the staff‐client interaction and changes in client expectations about staff can alleviate staff burn‐out. It should be recognized that clients can dehumanize staff just as staff can dehumanize them, and that steps to humanize the staff‐client relationship must focus on both participants in this

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb00778.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The phenomenon of obedience is usually considered on an individual level, although typically acts of obedience are committed by an individual who is acting within an organizational framework. This paper discusses how the structure and function of the hierarchical organization alters the perspective by which individuals view their actions, and changes an individual's perception of his or her role and responsibility. Organizational dehumanization and act fragmentation and their function in the facilitation of evil acts are considered.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb00779.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The trial jury is one of the most long‐lasting and revered of American institutions. Yet recently it has been the recipient of criticism. These attacks have questioned the validity of the assumptions made by the legal system regarding the jury process. Specifically, these assumptions deal with the composition of the venire, the effectiveness of thevoir direprocess, the ability of jurors to disregard pretrial publicity and inadmissible evidence, the capacities of jurors to reconstruct the trial presentation from memory, and the ability of the jury as a deliberative body to act in a rational, evidence‐oriented manner. Empirical evidence is presented with respect to each of these assumptions, and suggested reforms are generated whenever the evidence conflicts with the assumpti

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb00780.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1978

数据来源: WILEY