摘要:

The articles in thisJSIissue focus on how gender, gender role identity, and attitudes toward gender roles may affect the nature of relationships and how relationships may affect an individual's gender (including, behaviors, attitudes, and self‐perceptions). Though the focus is mainly on heterosexual relationships and U.S. samples, research on lesbian/gay and parent‐child relationships as well as same‐sex friendships and relationships in different cultures are examined. Meanings of commonly used terms in research on gender are clarified and we summarize each article briefly. General themes that emerge from the articles are disc

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01165.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper calls attention to the impact of masculinity ideology, an aspect of gender‐related attitudes, on adolescent males' heterosexual relationships. Previous approaches to the male gender role and close relationships, and attitudes toward the male gender role (the operationalization of masculinity ideology), are briefly reviewed. Data from the 1988 National Survey of Adolescent Males are reported. With sociodemographic and personal background factors controlled, males who hold traditional attitudes toward masculinity indicate having more sexual partners in the last year, a less intimate relationship at last intercourse with the current partner, and greater belief that relationships between women and men are adversarial—characteristics suggesting less intimacy in their heterosexual relationships. They also report less consistent use of condoms, specific attitudes about condoms associated with low condom use, less belief in male responsibility to prevent pregnancy, and greater belief that pregnancy validates masculinity. These associations persist when more global gender role attitudes are controlled. Traditional masculinity ideology is thus associated with characteristics suggesting limitations in the quality of adolescent males' close heterosexual relationships, and increased risk of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, including A

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01166.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This longitudinal research investigated the personal and relationship correlates of sex role attitudes first during college and then 15 years later. The original sample of 231 college‐age dating couples was studied intensively in 1972–1974, and individual participants were recontacted in 1986–1987. Results provide evidence for the reliability and validity of the 10‐item Sex‐Role Traditionalism Scale. In college, significant links were found between sex role attitudes and dating relationships, including patterns of self‐disclosure, power, and cohabition, but not relationship satisfaction. Fifteen years later, sex role attitudes assessed while in college were largely unrelated to general patterns of marriage, childbearing, and employment for either sex, but did predict women's educational attainment and the long‐term outcome of the col

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01167.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Individualism and collectivism help explain culture‐related differences in romantic love and in the importance of emotional intimacy in marriage. Three propositions are suggested: (a) Romantic love is more likely to be an important basis for marriage in individualistic than in collectivistic societies; (b) psychological intimacy in marriage is more important for marital satisfaction and personal well‐being in individualistic than in collectivistic societies; and (c) although individualism fosters the valuing of romantic love, certain aspects of individualism at the psychological level make developing intimacy problematic. Evidence pertaining to these propositions is considered based on conceptual and empirical accounts of romantic love and psychological intimacy in marriage in two individualistic societies (Canada and the United States) and three collectivistic societies (China, India, and Japan). In addition, we suggest that consideration of individualism and collectivism as these constructs pertain to gender provides a framework for interpreting gender differences in the reported experience of love and intimacy in North American soci

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01168.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Despite societal pressure for change in traditional gender roles, the coevolution of genes and culture may still lead us to be attracted to potential mates whose appearance and behavior is stereotypically masculine or feminine. This attraction is ironic in light of a growing body of research evidence indicating that the relationships of men and women with traditional gender roles are far from optimal—and are generally worse than those of androgynous men and women. These seemingly paradoxical findings may reflect the conflict between what our genes and past culture dispose us to do and what our present culture prescribe

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01169.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article examines spouses' sex role ideology and personality dispositions in connection with marital behavior patterns. It shows that sex role ideology and sex typing in personality are distinct properties, that husbands and wives typically bring to marriage a mixture of gender‐related attributes and beliefs that, in turn, create marital behavior patterns that contain a variety of traditional and nontraditional elements. Spouses' sex role attitudes and the extent to which they possess stereotypic personality attributes, such as “masculinity” (instrumentality) and “femininity” (expressiveness), are examined in connection with marital roles, the extent to which spouses communicate positive and negative affect to each other, and the amount of time they spend with friends and family. The results suggest a new direction for studying the intersection of gender and relationships, one that moves beyond simplistic typologies that categorize marriages along a single dimension of traditionalism to one that examines the character and quality of the marriage as it is influenced by (or covaries with) particular gender‐related attributes

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01170.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Marital therapists and researchers have suggested a tendency toward Pursuit by women and Withdrawal by men as an important gender‐linked pattern of dealing with marital conflict. The relationships of gender and sex role orientation to behavior in intimate heterosexual relationships were examined in two studies ofnondistressedcouples. In Study 1, 29 couples were examined longitudinally before and after marriage using an observational and self‐report design. No gender differences in Problem Solving, Intimacy, or Conflict behaviors were observed premaritally, but communication variables seemed in general to be more important for men's satisfaction than for women's. In Study 2, 324 undergraduates were examined cross‐sectionally. In this self‐report study, stereotypical gender differences, particularly for Withdrawal, were observed. We conclude that gender differences, such as the Pursuit/Withdrawal cycle, are a function of gender roles and marital distress rather than gender

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01171.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study compared how gay, lesbian, and heterosexual married couples (ns = 95, 61, and 145, respectively) allocated household labor. Partners in each couple lived together without children. Compared to both married and gay couples, lesbian couples tended to share tasks. Compared to lesbian couples, gay couples and married couples were likely to have one or the other partner perform the tasks; in married couples, this was most likely the wife. Compared to married couples, gay couples and lesbian couples were likely to split tasks so that each partner performed an equal number of different tasks. The relation between the extent to which household tasks were performed and personal power, gender role orientation, relationship satisfaction, and psychological symptoms generally varied by partner and type of couple. It is concluded that although gender is a powerful determinant of how household labor gets allocated in heterosexual married couples, no single variable carries as much weight with gay or lesbian couples.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01172.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research is reviewed demonstrating that although wives contribute a disproportionate share of the unpaid labor of the family (e.g., housework and childcare) compared to their husbands, they nonetheless report relative contentment with this unequal distribution. It is argued that wives' paradoxical contentment can be understood by considering men's and women's sense of personal entitlement with regard to what they should put into and receive from marriage in the domain of family work. Gender differences in entitlement are hypothesized to result from societal norms regarding women's and men's roles within the family, comparison processes, and justifications that legitimize an unequal division of family labor.

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01173.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article reviews findings from a longitudinal study of single‐earner and dual‐earner families with school‐age children. We first summarize similarities and differences in the experiences of boys and girls and their mothers and fathers in terms of three ongoing daily family processes: (1) parental monitoring of children's everyday experiences, whereabouts, and companions; (2) parent‐child involvement in joint activities; and (3) children's involvement in household chores. We then review findings linking these family processes and family context (single vs. dual earner) to boys' and girls' psychosocial functioning. These findings generally reveal different patterns of psychological adjustment, school achievement, conduct problems, and evaluations of parents as a function of the intersection of gender, family process, and family context. These themes are discussed in terms of the ecological perspective on human deve

ISSN:0022-4537    

DOI:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01174.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY